Oxidative Stress in Chronic Hepatitis B—An Update

Abstract

In recent years, the role of oxidative stress has been investigated in an increasing number of infections. There is a close link between the inflammation that accompanies infections and oxidative stress. Excessive reactive oxygen species induce harmful effects on cell components, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. A growing body of evidence attests to the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of viral liver infections, especially in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the data are limited, but important progress has been achieved in recent years. This review presents the latest advances pertaining to the role of the oxidative stress byproducts in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B, constituting a source of potential new markers for the evaluation and monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Dietary calcium is inversely associated with hepatitis B virus infection: an analysis of US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2020

“…The results have confirmed the hypothesis for that dietary calcium intake was significantly and negatively associated with HBV infection. From the aspect of mechanism, the reason may be that HBV infection is related to oxidative stress in vivo [ 22 ]. The occurrence of gene mutations is one of the main mechanisms by which HBV survives and evades host immune responses, and oxidative stress may lead to the occurrence and development of mutations.…”

Optimization of Thermal Treatment Parameters for the Alloy AlZn4.5Mg1

“…QAthe amount of heat (energy) consumed during the furnace heating period; QB -the amount of heat (energy) consumed during the maintenance of the temperature under heat treatment conditions. The heat needed to increase the temperature inside the furnace from the ambient temperature to the treatment temperature is, [6]: QA = Qac piece A + Qac masonry A + Qperd masonry A (3) Qac piece A -the heat accumulated in the pieces (samples) during the heating period of the oven is given by relation (4) [7]:…”

“…mpiece -mass of samples, [kg]; Δt1 = tt -ta, [°C]; Δt1the temperature gradient between the treatment temperature tt and the ambient temperature ta; cpiecethe specific heat of the samples; Qac masonry A -the heat accumulated in the furnace walls during the heating period is calculated with relation ( 5) [6,7]:…”

“…ccs -specific heat of fireclay brick; cvm -specific heat of mineral wool; ct -specific heat of the plate; mcsthe mass of the refractory fireclay brick of the furnace; mvm -mineral wool mass used to insulate the oven; mt -the mass of the steel sheet used to line the furnace; Qperd masonry A -the heat lost through the furnace walls during the heating period and is calculated using the thermal flow, ΦA [6,7]:…”

Regulation of Retroviral and SARS-CoV-2 Protease Dimerization and Activity through Reversible Oxidation

“…Infection with many pathogens can lead to oxidative stress, thereby decreasing the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in the cells and resulting in glutathionylation of susceptible protein thiols. Examples include the bacterial induced oxidative burst [ 4 ], ischemia [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] as well as oxidative stress resulting from viral infections [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. For more information on this area the authors suggest a recent review on the role of glutathionylation in infection and inflammation by Checconi et al [ 16 ].…”