Oxidative stress homeostasis in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Abstract

Plants can maintain growth and reproductive success by sensing changes in the environment and reacting through mechanisms at molecular, cellular, physiological, and developmental levels. Each stress condition prompts a unique response although some overlap between the reactions to abiotic stress (drought, heat, cold, salt or high light) and to biotic stress (pathogens) does occur. A common feature in the response to all stresses is the onset of oxidative stress, through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As hydrogen peroxide and superoxide are involved in stress signaling, a tight control in ROS homeostasis requires a delicate balance of systems involved in their generation and degradation. If the plant lacks the capacity to generate scavenging potential, this can ultimately lead to death. In grapevine, antioxidant homeostasis can be considered at whole plant levels and during the development cycle. The most striking example lies in berries and their derivatives, such as wine, with nutraceutical properties associated with their antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant homeostasis is tightly regulated in leaves, assuring a positive balance between photosynthesis and respiration, explaining the tolerance of many grapevine varieties to extreme environments. In this review we will focus on antioxidant metabolites, antioxidant enzymes, transcriptional regulation and cross-talk with hormones prompted by abiotic stress conditions. We will also discuss three situations that require specific homeostasis balance: biotic stress, the oxidative burst in berries at veraison and in vitro systems. The genetic plasticity of the antioxidant homeostasis response put in evidence by the different levels of tolerance to stress presented by grapevine varieties will be addressed. The gathered information is relevant to foster varietal adaptation to impending climate changes, to assist breeders in choosing the more adapted varieties and suitable viticulture practices.

Differential physiological response of the grapevine varieties Touriga Nacional and Trincadeira to combined heat, drought and light stresses

“…L‐Ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) are key antioxidants in the detoxification of ROS that eliminate H 2 O 2 through the ascorbate‐glutathione (asc‐glut) cycle (for a review of their role in grapevine see Carvalho et al . ). In control conditions TN had higher levels of total ascorbate than TR, as previously reported (Carvalho et al .…”

“…This indicates strong activation of the whole asc‐glut cycle to help keep the ascorbate pool reduced (Carvalho et al . ) and scavenge the H 2 O 2 produced.…”

Modern viticulture in southern Europe: Vulnerabilities and strategies for adaptation to water scarcity

“…Contrary to hydraulic signals, the role of biochemical signals in stomatal regulation is well described (Schroeder et al, 2001;Chaves et al, 2003;Pantin et al, 2013;Carvalho et al, 2015). Chemical signals with origin in roots are particularly important for grapevine adaptation to water especially at the early stages of stress (Schachtman and Goodger, 2008;Dodd, 2009;Tsegay et al, 2014;Tardieu et al, 2015).…”

“…Tolerance/resistance to drought and heat stress involves combination of several traits and mechanisms that can be morphoanatomical, physiological and hydraulic Carvalho et al, 2015). Understanding the physiology and biochemistry related to stomatal regulation and their response to abiotic stress (e.g.…”

Nickel Metal Stress Induces Alterations in Expression of Amylase and Acid-phosphatase Isozymes in Cenchrus ciliaris

“…Plant homeostasis is very important for normal metabolic processes, including chloroplastic, mitochondrial, and plasma membrane-linked electron transport systems for transport but sometimes it gets disturbed due to different environmental disasters (Carvalho et al, 2015). Various abiotic stresses including continuous light, dark, heat, cold, drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, wound stress and UV stresses affect plant growth and limit productivity (Nouri and Komatsu, 2013).…”