Oxidative Stress, Endocrine Disturbance, and Immune Interference in Humans Showed Relationships to Serum Bisphenol Concentrations in a Dense Industrial Area

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) analogues, used in a range of products due to health concerns regarding BPA, have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the levels of nine bisphenols (BPs) and eight biomarkers (malondialdehyde, MDA; 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG; estradiol, E2; follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH; luteinizing hormone, LH; complement compound 3, C3; immunoglobulin M, IgM and c-reaction protein, CRP) in human serum (n = 353) to explore their potential relationships. The detection rates (DRs) of eight BPs in serum samples taken from people working in a dense industrial area of Shenzhen (Guangdong Province, China) were over 72% except for bisphenol B (BPB) (DR = 27.5%). The mean concentrations of BPA, bisphenol P (BPP), BPB, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol FL (BPFL), 4,4′-dihydroxy-benzophenone (DHBP), bisphenol AF (BPAF), 4,4′-thiodiphenol (TDP) and bisphenol S (BPS) were 42.062, 2.083, 0.765, 0.578, 0.423, 0.402, 0.191, 0.120, and 0.071 ng/mL, respectively. BPA and BPFL were significantly correlated with the level of oxidative stress indices MDA and 8-OHdG; BPAF, BPB, and DHBP were strongly correlated with the level of endocrine disturbance indices E2, FSH, and LH; and BPF, DHBP, and BPAF were apparently related to the level of immune interference indices C3 and IgM. This study also suggests multiple impacts (oxidative stress, endocrine disturbance, and immune interference) mediated by BPs contaminants in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the correlations among these nine serum BPs and oxidative stress and endocrine and immune system indices in human serum samples collected from dense industrial areas.

Influence of Bisphenol Compounds at Nanomolar Concentrations on Chromosome Damage Induced by Metabolically Activated Carcinogens in HepG2 Cells

“…More importantly, the above impact of BP compounds occurred at levels ranging from 0.1 (or 1) to 100 nM, low enough to fall into the range of the real human plasma levels. 14,69 This finding appears consistent with a recent report that long-term exposure of early transformed human mammary cells to BaP and BPA at a very low concentration (0.1 nM) synergistically enhanced their cancerous phenotype via an AhR/G protein-coupled receptor 30. 70 Moreover, human exposure to BPs is not limited to a single BP compound, while multiple BPs may be present in human bodies; 15 thus, combined effects of BPs, such as BPA, BPF, BPS, and BPAF may lead to amplified effect of BPs.…”

“…Contamination of various environmental media, such as open air, soil, water, , and indoor air has also been observed, leading to human exposure by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact . For example, the mean level of BPA in blood plasma taken from 153 subjects in Hong Kong was 4.2 nM, with 15 nM as the highest value. , Based on a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in the U.S. during 2013–2014, the median levels of urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS in U.S. adults amounted to 5.4, 1.7, and 1.5 nM, respectively, with similar values in U.S. children . In addition, in the serum samples collected from subjects living and working in a dense industrial area in Shenzhen, China, high levels of BPA, BPF, and BPAF were detected, which averaged to 184.5, 28.9, and 5.7 nM, respectively …”

“…15 In addition, in the serum samples collected from subjects living and working in a dense industrial area in Shenzhen, China, high levels of BPA, BPF, and BPAF were detected, which averaged to 184.5, 28.9, and 5.7 nM, respectively. 14 The endocrine disrupting activities of BPs and the resulting health effects have been extensively investigated. There is also published evidence supporting DNA-damaging effects of BPs.…”

Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorates Damage Induced by Fluorene-9-Bisphenol in Porcine Sertoli Cells

“…In addition, a recent study of humans who spend considerable time in dense industrial areas showed that their mean serum concentration of BPFL was 0.578 ng/ml and that serum BPFL was significantly correlated with the levels of the oxidative stress indices MDA and 8-OHdG. Another important finding was that the concentrations of BPFL were higher in males than in females ( Gao et al, 2021 ), which suggests that the effect of BPFL needs to be given more attention. Although the adverse effects of BPFL on the reproductive system of female mammals and the underlying mechanism are well documented, its relationship with the reproductive system of male mammals has not yet been extensively examined.…”

DNA and RNA Adducts Formation from 3,4-Quinone Metabolites of Bisphenol F

“…BPF was reported in human serum with the mean concentrations of 0.48 ng/mL for children and 0.049 ng/mL for adults . Due to its growing exposure to humans, the potential toxic effects of BPF have become a public concern .…”