Oxidative Stress and Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is directly related to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endothelial cell injury, increased vascular permeability, and the activation of neutrophils and platelets, cytokines, and the complement system. Several studies have confirmed the destructiveness of the toxic oxygen metabolites produced and their role in the pathophysiology of different processes, such as oxygen poisoning, inflammation, and ischemic injury. Due to the different degrees of tissue damage resulting from the process of ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, several studies in animal models have focused on the prevention of IR injury and methods of lung protection. Lung IR injury has clinical relevance in the setting of lung transplantation and cardiopulmonary bypass, for which the consequences of IR injury may be devastating in critically ill patients.

Hypothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation

“…Metabolic pathways are responsible for mitochondrial ROS production in a large range of tissues, including livers, kidneys, hearts, and brain [52][53][54]. ].…”

Promotion of anoxia‑reoxygenation‑induced inflammation and permeability enhancement by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase‑activated MAPK signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

“…Therefore, the lung is often reperfused, resulting in anoxia-reoxygenation (A-R)-induced acute injury (3). A-R has been reported to induce inflammation and enhance the cellular permeability of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, which then led to pneumonedema, inducing hyoxemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and even mortality (4). Thus, inhibiting inflammation and cellular permeability may improve the prognosis following CPB (5).…”

Focusing lung transplant: physiological and antioxidant responses and effect of allopurinol to ischemia-reperfusion oxidative stress under different inspired oxygen concentrations

“…Relatively high indices of morbidity and mortality usually accompany organ transplantation including lung transplant [1][2][3][4][5]. Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and its associated injury is a complex phenomenon present in atherosclerosis, trauma, pulmonary embolism, and surgical procedures, such as cardiopulmonary bypass and lung transplant [6].…”

“…Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and its associated injury is a complex phenomenon present in atherosclerosis, trauma, pulmonary embolism, and surgical procedures, such as cardiopulmonary bypass and lung transplant [6]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive oxygen species (RNS) overgeneration have been associated with IR injury in different organs [3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11]. Several characteristics and consequences of IR pathological events are present in different organs and tissues, including lung, however ROS overgeneration and the consequent oxidative stress (OS) seem to be a common response always present in such cases [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…Other consequences of IR injury particularly in lungs are also involved, as the onset of an inflammatory process, activation of neutrophils, platelets, cytokines, and the complement system, endothelial cell damage, increased vascular permeability, among several other biochemical and histological processes [3,5,13,14]. Nevertheless, contrasting with other tissues, lung is the solely organ that cope ischemia avoiding hypoxic conditions due to the proximity of high tensions of oxygen present in the alveoli [5].…”