Oxidative Stress and Its Relationship With Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Various Stages of Breast Cancer

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause damage to the DNA producing mutations and formation of tumours such as carcinoma of breast. Tumour cells are known to produce ROS at a greater pace than the non-transformed cells. The increased production of reactive oxygen species causes oxidative stress leading to cell proliferation and hence increased inflammatory conditions. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Females suffering from breast cancer had significantly decreased Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in comparison to normal females. The compromised antioxidant defence system produces the oxidative stress which in turn creates the inflammatory response shown by concomitant increased adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in female patients. ADA diminishes the protective molecule adenosine. There were significant variations (p \ 0.01) in ADA activity with different clinical stages (stage 1-4) of breast cancer suggesting thereby that estimation of ADA activity can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect the stage of cancer along with cytological studies. Mastectomy was performed and post-operatively serum SOD and ADA activity and plasma GSH levels were estimated. There was a statistically significant increase in activity of SOD and levels of GSH while serum ADA activity decreased significantly, suggesting thereby that oxidative stress is responsible for increased cell proliferation and hence the inflammatory conditions in CA breast that got ameliorated post-operatively.

Adenosine deaminase inhibition suppresses progression of 4T1 murine breast cancer by adenosine receptor‐dependent mechanisms

“…The significance of ADA in the breast cancer development seems to be particularly important as its activity regulates the pool of intra‐ and extracellular adenosine, a key modulator of a cell function via adenosine receptor‐dependent and independent mechanisms . It has been shown that both ADA isoenzymes were elevated in tumour tissues of patients with breast cancer correlating with tumour grade, size and lymph node involvement . On the other hand, only ADA2 activity was increased in serum of those patients .…”

“…11 It has been shown that both ADA isoenzymes were elevated in tumour tissues of patients with breast cancer correlating with tumour grade, size and lymph node involvement. 12,13 On the other hand, only ADA2 activity was increased in serum of those patients. 12 Substantial differences in ADA activity have been also revealed between malignant and benign breast neoplastic tissues.…”

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions to four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study

“…Greek symbols indicate statistically signi cant results with the 0.01mM EHNA concentration (α: P < 0.05). The horizontal dotted line shows the lower limit of quanti cation according to previously reported results [22,28]. The best EHNA concentration for achieving complete ADA1 inhibition was selected based on that concentration able to reduce ADA activity and from which no greater signi cant inhibition was seen.…”

“…Due to this fact, it has been used as a marker of cell-mediated immunity [15,16] and in ammation [17]. Several diseases have been reported to increase serum ADA activity in humans, including in ammation such as chronic tonsillitis, rhinosinusitis or otitis media [4], immune mediated disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus [18,19] or rheumatoid arthritis [20], and malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia [21], breast cancer [22] or bladder cancer [23]. However, the response of both isoenzymes could be different since some diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis ADA2 increase due to chronic in ammation, whereas ADA1 does not increase [20].…”

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) characterization in saliva and serum samples of different animal species

“…Total ADA (tADA) activity can be increased in serum in those diseases in which the number of T lymphocytes increases [9,10] and due to this fact it has been used as a marker of cell-mediated immunity [11,12] and inflammation [13]. Several diseases have been reported to increase serum ADA activity in humans, including inflammation such as chronic tonsillitis, rhinosinusitis or otitis media [3], immunomediated disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus [14,15] or rheumatoid arthritis [16], and malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia [17], breast cancer [18] or bladder cancer [19]. Serum ADA has been also measured in veterinary species being higher in inflammation in dogs [20] and cows [21].…”