Oxidative stress and inflammation are mediated via aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling in idiopathic membranous nephropathy

Moshen granule ameliorates membranous nephropathy by regulating NF-ƙB/Nrf2 pathways via aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling

“…Reagents and antibodies, such as bovine serum albumin and primary antibodies, are described in our previous publication [ 30 ].…”

“…CBSA preparation and animal experiments were described in details in our previous publication [ 30 , 31 ]. All the experiments are approved Committee of Experimental Animal Administration of the University (approval number: 20200713-06).…”

The nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway is a master regulator of renal fibrosis

“…However, the subepithelium-like immunocomplex deposit-mediated downstream molecular pathways are poorly understood ( Miao et al, 2023a ; Miao et al, 2023b ). A recent study suggested that patients with primary MN exhibited significant upregulation of CD3, NF-ƙB p65, and COX-2 protein expression and significant downregulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression in kidney tissues ( Wang et al, 2023b ), indicating activation of the NF-ƙB signaling pathway and impairment of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. This was further demonstrated by the significant upregulation of the protein expression of the phosphorylated inhibitors kappa B alpha, NF-ƙB p65, and downstream gene products, including COX-2, MCP-1, inducible nitric oxide synthases, 12-lipoxygenase, p47 phox , and p67 phox ; additionally, the protein expression of Nrf2 and its downstream gene products, including HO-1, catalase, the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, manganese superoxide dismutase, and NQO1, was significantly downregulated in the kidney tissues of CBSA-induced rats ( Wang et al, 2023b ).…”

“…This was further demonstrated by the significant upregulation of the protein expression of the phosphorylated inhibitors kappa B alpha, NF-ƙB p65, and downstream gene products, including COX-2, MCP-1, inducible nitric oxide synthases, 12-lipoxygenase, p47 phox , and p67 phox ; additionally, the protein expression of Nrf2 and its downstream gene products, including HO-1, catalase, the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, manganese superoxide dismutase, and NQO1, was significantly downregulated in the kidney tissues of CBSA-induced rats ( Wang et al, 2023b ). These results were further verified in zymosan activation serum (ZAS)-stimulated podocytes ( Wang et al, 2023b ). By contrast, treatment with the NF-ƙB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 and NF-ƙB p65 siRNA inhibited the protein expression of NF-ƙB p65 and COX-2 and preserved the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in ZAS-induced podocytes ( Wang et al, 2023b ).…”

“…Oxidative stress and inflammation play central roles in progressive renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked and form a vicious cycle in which oxidative stress induces inflammation through various underlying molecular mechanisms ( Wang et al, 2023b ). Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ƙB) affects various types of cells and is important for inflammation, the immune response, the cell cycle, and cell survival ( Shih et al, 2015 ).…”