Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Enzyme Activities in Chronic Kidney Disease and Different Types of Renal Replacement Therapy

Abstract

The incidence and diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the rise all over the world. CKD is related to ageing of the society and high morbidity due to lifestyle diseases like diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. CKD is associated with increased oxidative stress generated by uremic toxicity, chronic inflammatory state, lack of vitamins and microelements, parenteral iron administration, and dialysis procedure itself. In terms of cellular physiology, erythrocytes and blood platelets in particular have effective enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative system. The most efficient enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Glutathione is the leading non-enzymatic free radical scavenger. In CKD, antioxidative defense is impaired and the abnormal activity of the enzymes and glutathione concentration is described in literature. The imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidative system efficiency takes part in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications. It contributes to increased morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. The severity of these processes depends on the type of renal replacement therapy; haemodialysis (HD) is more predisposing to such disorders than peritoneal dialysis (PD), or even conservative treatment. This can influence the outcome and the possibility of kidney transplantation. Moreover, the early function of kidney allograft seems to be dependent on perioperative antioxidative ability of platelets, which can play a potential protective role in kidney transplantation.

Expression profiles of genes related to melatonin and oxidative stress in human renal proximal tubule cells treated with antibiotic amphotericin B and its modified forms

“…Nephrotoxic mechanism is not clearly understood; hypothetically, it is caused by induction of oxidative stress in renal cells. The cell is provided with a number of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems (Stępniewska et al, 2015). However, in disease conditions increased concentration of free radicals and reduced antioxidant protection causes serious damages in the cell (Lowes et al, 2013).…”

Programmed Effects in Neurobehavior and Antioxidative Physiology in Zebrafish Embryonically Exposed to Cadmium: Observations and Hypothesized Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework

“…In adult fish, we analyzed neurobehavior and antioxidative physiology functions, because these are endpoints related to chronic non-communicable disease showing increased incidences in humans [10,11,15]. In a recent study, with a similar setup as ours regarding exposure methods and cadmium concentrations, the effects of cadmium exposure on behavior, antioxidative parameters and immunotoxicity were investigated in 4-day-post-fertilization larval zebrafish [16].…”

“…Increased GSH depletion due to exhaustion of other ROS scavengers [25] seems unlikely, since no effects were observed for BAP and SOD. The permanent state of oxidative stress, as indicated by the observed altered antioxidative physiology parameters in the adult fish is, in humans, associated with chronic disease [10,11]. On the other hand, cadmium exposure during early embryonic life appeared to have no effect on counteracting APAP-induced oxidative stress.…”

“…At approximately 10 weeks of age, juvenile zebrafish were analyzed for apical phenotypes. Antioxidative parameters were chosen as an endpoint because oxidative stress is an important underlying factor in many chronic diseases which are characterized by chronic low grade inflammation, including chronic metabolic disease and autoimmune disease [10,11]. Neurobehavior was selected as an endpoint because delayed onset learning disabilities and behavior problems have been suggested as an area of programmed effects after chemical exposure early in life [12].…”

Erythrocyte Sodium Sensitivity and Eryptosis in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

“…In circulation RBCs are constantly undergoing normoxic and hypoxic cycling and continuously exposed to endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, erythrocytes have an extensive antioxidant system rapidly neutralizing ROS to minimize their effect and resultant oxidative stress [44]. …”