Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Plants Under Salt Stress

Ahmad, Riaz; Hussain, Sajjad; Anjum, Muhammad Akbar; Khalid, Muhammad Fasih; Saqib, Muhammad; Zakir, Iqra; Ahmad, Hassan; Fahad, Shah; Ahmad, Shakeel

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06118-0_8

Cited by 103 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stress that hinders crop growth and productivity worldwide (Ahmad et al, 2019b). It has been reported that approximately 20% of irrigated land is salt-affected, which represents one-third of food-producing land (Shrivastava and Kumar, 2015; Gregory et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon and Salinity: Crosstalk in Crop-Mediated Stress Tolerance Mechanisms

et al. 2019

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Salinity stress hinders the growth potential and productivity of crop plants by influencing photosynthesis, disturbing the osmotic and ionic concentrations, producing excessive oxidants and radicals, regulating endogenous phytohormonal functions, counteracting essential metabolic pathways, and manipulating the patterns of gene expression. In response, plants adopt counter mechanistic cascades of physio-biochemical and molecular signaling to overcome salinity stress; however, continued exposure can overwhelm the defense system, resulting in cell death and the collapse of essential apparatuses. Improving plant vigor and defense responses can thus increase plant stress tolerance and productivity. Alternatively, the quasi-essential element silicon (Si)—the second-most abundant element in the Earth’s crust—is utilized by plants and applied exogenously to combat salinity stress and improve plant growth by enhancing physiological, metabolomic, and molecular responses. In the present review, we elucidate the potential role of Si in ameliorating salinity stress in crops and the possible mechanisms underlying Si-associated stress tolerance in plants. This review also underlines the need for future research to evaluate the role of Si in salinity stress in plants and the identification of gaps in the understanding of this process as a whole at a broader field level.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon and Salinity: Crosstalk in Crop-Mediated Stress Tolerance Mechanisms

et al. 2019

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“…The long term exposure of salinity results in substantial ionic and oxidative stresses that are caused due to the higher amount of NaCl influx [2]. Ionic and osmotic imbalances under salt stress condition impairs the growth and development of plants [3]. Accumulation of salts decreases the concentration of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoid followed by the inhibition of ribulose-1,5-bisphophate and degrades the photosynthetic apparatus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, excessive ROS hinders the transpiration, nutrient uptake, damages vital macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, collapses membrane integrity, and other vital metabolisms [5]. Interference of NaCl in the protein synthesis, activities of enzymes, and photosynthesis leads to the chlorosis, necrosis, and premature senescence of older leaves [3]. To overcome the salt stress plants need to improve ion exclusion, osmotic tolerance, redox homeostasis, and efficient photosynthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Silicon-Mediated Amelioration of Salt Stress in Plants

Liu

Soundararajan

Manivannan

2019

Plants

103

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Silicon (Si), the second most predominant element in the earth crust consists of numerous benefits to plant. Beneficial effect of Si has been apparently visible under both abiotic and biotic stress conditions in plants. Supplementation of Si improved physiology and yield on several important agricultural and horticultural crops. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect growth and yield. The presence of high concentration of salt in growing medium causes oxidative, osmotic, and ionic stresses to plants. In extreme conditions salinity affects soil, ground water, and limits agricultural production. Si ameliorates salt stress in several plants. The Si mediated stress mitigation involves various regulatory mechanisms such as photosynthesis, detoxification of harmful reactive oxygen species using antioxidant and non-antioxidants, and proper nutrient management. In the present review, Si mediated alleviation of salinity stress in plants through the regulation of photosynthesis, root developmental changes, redox homeostasis equilibrium, and regulation of nutrients have been dealt in detail.

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“…Oxidative stress, as a secondary effect of salt stress, causes damage to macromolecules such as lipid, protein, and DNA. Plant cells respond to oxidative stress by increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity ( Ahmad et al, 2019 ). Since the AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes via enzymatic antioxidant activity involve in the metabolism of ROS ( Del Pozo et al, 1999 ; Veljanovski et al, 2006 ), overexpression of which led to the highest enzymatic antioxidant activity, and consequently, the lowest amount of H 2 O 2 as well as MDA in OE17 and OE26 plants, under high-salinity treatment (150 mM NaCl) ( Table 3 and Figure 7 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, the knockout mutation of these genes resulted in the lowest enzymatic antioxidant activity and, thus, the most amount of H 2 O 2 and MDA amount in mutant plants at the same conditions ( Table 3 and Figure 7 ). Numerous studies have shown a correlation between up-regulation of specific enzymatic antioxidant activities and tolerance to abiotic stresses, including salinity ( Bartels and Sunkar, 2005 ; Hanin et al, 2016 ; Ahmad et al, 2019 ). Therefore, the raise of the enzymatic antioxidant activities in OE genotypes positively correlated with improving the parameters affecting the plant growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Purple Acid Phosphatases AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 Involved in Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant

2021

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Tolerance to salinity is a complex genetic trait including numerous physiological processes, such as metabolic pathways and gene networks; thereby, identification of genes indirectly affecting, as well as those directly influencing, is of utmost importance. In this study, we identified and elucidated the functional characterization of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes, as two novel purple acid phosphatases associated with high-salt tolerance in NaCl-stressed conditions. Here, the overexpression of both genes enhanced the expression level of AtSOS1, AtSOS2, AtSOS3, AtHKT1, AtVPV1, and AtNHX1 genes, involving in the K+/Na+ homeostasis pathway. The improved expression of the genes led to facilitating intracellular Na+ homeostasis and decreasing the ion-specific damages occurred in overexpressed genotypes (OEs). An increase in potassium content and K+/Na+ ratio was observed in OE17 and OE26 genotypes as well; however, lower content of sodium accumulated in these plants at 150 mM NaCl. The overexpression of these two genes resulted in the upregulation of the activity of the catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Consequently, the overexpressed plants showed the lower levels of hydrogen peroxide where the lowest amount of lipid peroxidation occurred in these lines. Besides the oxidation resistance, the boost of the osmotic regulation through the increased proline and glycine-betaine coupled with a higher content of pigments and carbohydrates resulted in significantly enhancing biomass production and yield in the OEs under 150 mM NaCl. High-salt stress was also responsible for a sharp induction on the expression of both PAP17 and PAP26 genes. Our results support the hypothesis that these two phosphatases are involved in plant responses to salt stress by APase activity and/or non-APase activity thereof. The overexpression of PAP17 and PAP26 could result in increasing the intracellular APase activity in both OEs, which exhibited significant increases in the total phosphate and free Pi content compared to the wild-type plants. Opposite results witnessed in mutant genotypes (Mu17, Mu26, and DM), associating with the loss of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 functions, clearly confirmed the role of these two genes in salt tolerance. Hence, these genes can be used as candidate genes in molecular breeding approaches to improve the salinity tolerance of crop plants.

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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Plants Under Salt Stress

Cited by 103 publications

References 39 publications

Silicon and Salinity: Crosstalk in Crop-Mediated Stress Tolerance Mechanisms

Silicon and Salinity: Crosstalk in Crop-Mediated Stress Tolerance Mechanisms

Mechanisms of Silicon-Mediated Amelioration of Salt Stress in Plants

Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Purple Acid Phosphatases AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 Involved in Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant

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