Oxidative damage in the liver and kidney induced by dermal exposure to diisononyl phthalate in Balb/c mice

Abstract

As a general alternative, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) has gradually replaced di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as the main plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride. Like DEHP, DINP can also be released into the environment, resulting in humans being exposed through skin contact. This study aims to explore whether oxidative damage to hepatic and renal tissues can be induced by dermal exposure to DINP in mice. Forty-two male Balb/c mice were divided into six groups. The five DINP dermal exposure groups were exposed to different doses of DINP (0.02, 0.2, 2, 20, and 200 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days. The pathological alterations to the skin, liver, and kidney in the mice were examined. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and DNA-protein cross-links (DPC) in the liver and kidney were also determined to investigate oxidative damage. The experimental results showed that the levels of ROS, MDA, and DPC coefficients increased gradually in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the level of GSH decreased accordingly. When the exposure dose was ≥20 mg/kg, ROS, GSH, MDA content, and the DPC coefficient were significantly different compared to the control group ( p < 0.05). These results suggest that a high dose of DINP can induce oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney via dermal exposure.

Effects of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate on liver injury in Balb/c mice

“…GSH is a major scavenger of ROS in tissues. DPC and 8-OH-dG are both associated with DNA damage, which is the most severe oxidative damage in biomolecules (Liang and Yan, 2020;Ma et al, 2014). Our results show that exposure to 200 mg kg À1 TBPH induced liver injury, with increased ROS, MDA, 8-OH-dG, and DPC levels and decreased GSH content.…”

“…8-OH-dG levels were measured using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer's instructions with an EL × 800 absorbance microplate reader (Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., USA). The DPC coefficient was determined by the KCl-SDS method (Liang and Yan, 2020) and was calculated as crosslinked DNA content/(crosslinked DNA content + free DNA content).…”

The Relationship between Typical Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Kidney Disease

“…In rodents, phthalates significantly increase oxidative damage and phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 ( ERK1/2 ) expression [ 195 ]. Phthalate exposure also increased ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and DNA-protein cross-linked ( DPC ) levels and decreased GSH levels also in a dose-dependent manner [ 200 ]. An increase in protein levels of NRF-2 , HO-1 , and GCLC (responsible for GSH synthesis) was also observed.…”

RecJf exonuclease-assisted signal amplification for the sensitive detection of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate by a Pd@Au NB labeled electrochemical aptasensor based on Au@Ni-CoHNB/PEI-g-C3N4

“…[1][2][3] However, DEHP is not covalently bound to other materials in packaging, making it easy to leak from the package and contaminate the food it touches directly or transfer to the external environment and enter the human body through skin contact. 1,4,5 Excessive intake of DEHP can cause endocrine disruption, induce cancer or bring reproductive toxicity. 6,7 In this regard, many countries have developed relevant standards for DEHP.…”