Oxidative and premature skin ageing

Abstract

To elucidate the scientific state of the art with respect to the role of nutrition in skin ageing, nine experts from different disciplines discussed the role of micronutrients on 'oxidative and premature skin ageing'. In this 25th Hohenheim Consensus Meeting, 13 questions were discussed and, based on published valid data, answered by mutual agreement. The consensus answers achieved during the meeting are justified by a scientific background text. The importance of in vitro and in vivo models regarding oxidative and premature skin ageing was critically evaluated. There was a special focus on prevention and intervention of skin ageing with nutrition. Finally, the paper summarizes the scientific background from different areas related to oxidative and premature skin ageing.

Ultraviolet Irradiation Induces CYR61/CCN1, a Mediator of Collagen Homeostasis, through Activation of Transcription Factor AP-1 in Human Skin Fibroblasts

“…Absorption of solar UV irradiation by skin cells alters the chemical structure of DNA and causes oxidative stress (Gilchrest and Yaar, 1992;Scharffetter-Kochanek et al, 1997;Biesalski et al, 2003;Ichihashi et al, 2003;Yaar and Gilchrest, 2007). These alterations activate intracellular signaling pathways that regulate multiple cellular functions in the skin (Fisher et al, 1996Fisher and Voorhees, 1998;Rittie and Fisher, 2002;Quan et al, 2004).…”

Melatonin maintains mitochondrial membrane potential and attenuates activation of initiator (casp‐9) and effector caspases (casp‐3/casp‐7) and PARP in UVR‐exposed HaCaT keratinocytes

“…However, as UVR is also required for photosynthesis of vitamin D 3 , endogenous protective agents would be highly desirable. As oxidative stress is known to be the key factor in UVRrelated damage [3,[10][11][12][13][14], substances with antioxidant activity, such as melatonin, could be effective for the prevention of short-and long-term UVR damage [2,[15][16][17][18][19]. Melatonin was originally identified as the chief secretory product of the pineal gland [20] and later defined as a substance being also synthesized in a variety of extrapineal sites with bioactivity in a number of targets in single cells, animals and humans [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Topical Retinoids in Skin Ageing: A Focused Update with Reference to Sun-Induced Epidermal Vitamin A Deficiency

“…These short-lived molecules, as well as their oxidation products on biomolecules, activate various signalling pathways such as MAPK/JAK/STAT, NF-κB and AP-1, leading to inflammation, cell proliferation and tumorigenesis [78,79,80,81,82]. Involvement of oxidative stress is well documented in skin diseases such as psoriasis [83], atopic dermatitis [82,84], vitiligo [85,86], acne [87,88] and contact dermatitis [82,89], as well as skin ageing [90,91,92]. …”

“…On the other hand, the damage accumulation theory explains ageing by the accumulation of alterations - mostly oxidations - of the biomolecules, which cannot be completely repaired or eliminated by the organism [92,95]. The accumulation of oxidation products, the sensitivity of vitamin A to oxidation and the decreased antioxidant defence of the skin observed during ageing [90,96,97] lead to physical and functional deficiency of epidermal vitamin A [98,99]. …”