Oxidation Products of Nitric Oxide and the Concentrations of Antioxidant Vitamins in Parasitized Goats

Abstract

The status of nitric oxide oxidation products and antioxidant vitamins were investigated in goats infected with endoparasites and blood parasites (Trichostrongylidae sp. + Protostrongylidae sp. + Eimeria sp. + Babesia sp.), in this study. Eighteen goats were naturally infected with these parasites and ten healthy goats served as controls which had been treated with antiparasitic drugs after parasitological examinations were carried out. The concentrations of nitric oxide oxidation products (nitrate, nitrite) and antioxidant vitamins (vitamins E and C, β-carotene and retinol) were determined spectrophotometrically in the blood serum of all goats. The results were expressed as nitrate (µg/ml) 7.25 ± 1.31-4.69 ± 0.32; nitrite (µg/ml) 1.52 ± 0.39-1.64 ± 0.19; vitamin E (mg/100) 0.13 ± 0.05-0.42 ± 0.02; vitamin C (mg/100 ml) 1.49 ± 0.26-1.46 ± 0.15; retinol (g/100 ml) 201.51 ± 15.69-234.081 ± 45.15; β-carotene (g/100 ml) 62.71 ± 7.14-53.95 ± 3.82. In conclusion, nitrate concentrations of the infected group were higher than controls (p < 0.05) whereas vitamin E levels of the infected group were lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The concentrations of the other indices examined were not statistically different between groups. These results suggest that the parasitic infections have direct effects on the concentrations of vitamin E, an important antioxidant, and on the increase of nitrate levels which may result from the pathophysiological effects of the parasitic infections. Goat, parasite, nitrate, nitrite, antioxidant vitaminsThere are important changes in the biochemistry of hosts suffering from parasitic invasions depending on the species of the parasites and the sites of the hosts they invade (Aksakal and Özer 1987; Ö zer et al. 1995;Russel and Mc Dowell 1989). Gastrointestinal parasites in goats cause anemia by decreasing the amount of haemoglobin (Hb) and the numbers of erythrocytes (Deger 1990; Ö zer et al. 1995). Intra-erythrocytic parasites (Babesia, Plasmodium) metabolise Hb. As a result, the free O 2 and H 2 O 2 increase lipid peroxidation (Deger 1990;Ginsburg and Atamina 1994).NO is a biologic mediator in biochemical reactions, and physiologically, it is synthesised from L-arginine by NO synthase employing cofactor NADPH. In the host the levels of NO arise in some pathologic situations. In the body the NO is oxidised to NO 2 and NO 3 within a very short period of time. This short duration in the conversion of NO to NO 2 and NO 3 makes it difficult to accurately measure the concentration of NO. Therefore, by determining the amounts of NO 2 and NO 3 the levels of NO can be assessed (Bredt and Snyder 1994; M oncada et al. 1991; Torreilles and Guÿerin 1995).Anti-oxidant vitamins such as E, C, and A protect the cells from damage against free oxygen radicals generated as a result of parasitoses (Chuenkova et al. 1989;Medzyavichyus et al. 1989). Vitamins A, C, E, thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid,

Antioxidant potential of rat liver in experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica

“…Lipid peroxidation may also be intensified because of decreasing vitamin E levels in the course of infection with F. hepatica. Reductions in vitamin E content of the host were observed in other parasitic diseases as well (Sarin et al 1993;Dede et al 2002).…”

Correlations Among the Level of Homocysteine, Antioxidant Enzymes, Antioxidant Vitamins and Lipid Peroxidation of Erythrocytes in Malignant Ovine Theileriosis

“…In the present study, no statistical difference was evident in the concentrations of the antioxidant vitamins (A, E and C) between the healthy and diseased sheep. Although there are no documented reports on the status of antioxidant vitamins in malignant ovine theileriosis, some studies on other hemoparasitic diseases (such as babesiosis) showed decreased serum levels of such vitamins in infected animals and this phenomenon may be a consequence of oxidative damage (Deger et al, 2009;Bicek et al, 2005;Dede et al, 2002). It can be proposed that despite being evident that antioxidant systems comprised of vitamins have a cellular protective action against oxidative stress (Dede et al, 2000), the unchanged level of antioxidant vitamins in our work may be attributed to the occurrence of an equilibrium between the level of vitamin uptake in the diet and the level in the serum and body tissues, particularly the liver storage.…”

Correlations among Anaplasma marginale parasitemia and markers of oxidative stress in crossbred calves

“…When the cellular oxidant state is overwhelmed by excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular damage occurs through oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (Saleh et al 2011). Alteration of oxidative stress indices have been reported in parasitic diseases (Dede et al 2002;Pabon et al 2003). LPO is one of the ideal parameters of oxidative stress and malondialdehyde (MDA); an LPO product is used as a biomarker for free radical-mediated damage (Kuhn and Borchert 2002).…”