“…Several techniques for the decontamination of TOW have been reported, including vacuum degassing at room or elevated temperatures [15], air-blowing [16], vacuum distillation [16, 17], acid/base- or Raney-nickel-catalyzed isotopic exchange [17, 18], reaction with metallic sodium [19], direct oxidation of the entire oil [20], and adsorption [12, 16, 21]. Because the contents of both volatile tritiated components and easily exchangeable (labile) tritium in TOW are typically low, the methods based on the removal of these components are rather inefficient.…”