Oxidation of graphene in ozone under ultraviolet light

Cheng, Yingchun; Kaloni, Thaneshwor P.; Zhang, Zhu; Schwingenschlögl, Udo

doi:10.1063/1.4746261

Cited by 94 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Though irradiating graphene with a focused electron beam above the carbon knock-out potential (~80 kV) creates single, controlled pores of less than 2 nm, 11,12,17 oxidative processes to create pores in graphene can be readily applied to large areas. 9,[19][20][21][22] Exposure to high temperature atmospheric oxygen, 21 ozone under ultraviolet light, 9,19 and hydrogen plasma 20 have been used to create pores in macroscopic areas of graphene. However, because grain boundaries are more reactive than the basal plane, oxidation processes typically lead to pores of widely varying sizes.…”

Section: Table Of Contents Graphicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Ionic Transport through Tunable Subnanometer Pores in Single-Layer Graphene Membranes

et al. 2014

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We report selective ionic transport through controlled, high-density, subnanometer diameter pores in macroscopic single-layer graphene membranes. Isolated, reactive defects were first introduced into the graphene lattice through ion bombardment and subsequently enlarged by oxidative etching into permeable pores with diameters of 0.40 ± 0.24 nm and densities exceeding 1012 cm–2, while retaining structural integrity of the graphene. Transport measurements across ion-irradiated graphene membranes subjected to in situ etching revealed that the created pores were cation-selective at short oxidation times, consistent with electrostatic repulsion from negatively charged functional groups terminating the pore edges. At longer oxidation times, the pores allowed transport of salt but prevented the transport of a larger organic molecule, indicative of steric size exclusion. The ability to tune the selectivity of graphene through controlled generation of subnanometer pores addresses a significant challenge in the development of advanced nanoporous graphene membranes for nanofiltration, desalination, gas separation, and other applications.

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Section: Table Of Contents Graphicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Ionic Transport through Tunable Subnanometer Pores in Single-Layer Graphene Membranes

et al. 2014

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“…41 Single, controlled pores smaller than 2 nm were fabricated by irradiating graphene with a focused electron beam above the carbon knockout potential (80 kV). 42 Pores in larger areas of graphene can also be created by oxidative processes, [43][44][45] for example, via exposure to high-temperature atmospheric oxygen, 46 ozone under UV light 43,44 and hydrogen plasma. 45 However, considering the higher reactivity of grain boundaries compared with the basal plane, the pores created by oxidation processes have very discrepant sizes.…”

Section: Graphene Desalination Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene membranes for water desalination

2017

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Extensive environmental pollution caused by worldwide industrialization and population growth has led to a water shortage. This problem lowers the quality of human life and wastes a large amount of money worldwide each year due to the related consequences. One main solution for this challenge is water purification. State-of-the-art water purification necessitates the implementation of novel materials and technologies that are cost and energy efficient. In this regard, graphene nanomaterials, with their unique physicochemical properties, are an optimum choice. These materials offer extraordinarily high surface area, mechanical durability, atomic thickness, nanosized pores and reactivity toward polar and non-polar water pollutants. These characteristics impart high selectivity and water permeability, and thus provide excellent water purification efficiency. This review introduces the potential of graphene membranes for water desalination. Although literature reviews have mostly concerned graphene's capability for the adsorption and photocatalysis of water pollutants, updated knowledge related to its sieving properties is quite limited. NPG Asia Materials (2017) 9, e427; doi:10.1038/am.2017.135; published online 25 August 2017 INTRODUCTION Currently,~1.2 billion people around the world are suffering from a shortage of water and its adverse consequences on health, food and energy. 1,2 On one hand, population growth, increased industrialization and greater energy needs and, on the other hand, loss of snowmelt, shrinkage of glaciers and so on will worsen this situation in upcoming years. As estimated by the world water council, the number of affected people will rise to 3.9 billion in the coming decades. 2,3 One of the most promising approaches to alleviate the water shortage, desalination can increase the water supply beyond what is available from the hydrological cycle. 4 Seawater desalination indeed provides an infinite, steady supply of high-quality water that does not harm natural freshwater ecosystems.Seawater comprises a vast supply of water (97.5% of all water on the planet). Thus, the growth of the installation of seawater desalination facilities in the past decade to circumvent water shortage problems in water-stressed countries has progressed quickly. In 2016, the global water production by desalination was estimated to be 38 billion cubic meter per year, that is, two times higher than that in 2008. 5 So far, seawater desalination has been mainly performed via multistage flash distillation and reverse osmosis (RO). 6 Mostly in the arid Persian Gulf countries, desalination plants perform based on heating and then condensing seawater. This kind of desalination plant consumes large amounts of thermal and electric energy, thus emitting greenhouse gases extensively. 7 In addition to this non-economical and non-ecofriendly version of desalination plants, the main type of desalination plants constructed in the past two decades, as well as future planned ones, are based on RO technology (Figure 1). 8

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“…This is due to UVO may cause some damage to graphene electronic structure, and bring some p-type doping in graphene. [30][31][32][33][34] In summary, UVO treatment is a quick and easy way to remove PVA sacri¯cial polymer layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet-Ozone Treatment for Effectively Removing Adhesive Residue on Graphene

Yang

Qin

Peng

et al. 2016

NANO

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In this paper, we systematically investigated the in°uence of adhesive residue existing in deterministic transfer process upon graphene, and put forward a rapid and e®ective way named ultraviolet-ozone (UVO) treatment to reduce this negative e®ect. Results indicate that this adhesive residue may cause poor contact between metal and graphene, thus greatly degrading the performance of the device. However, this unpleasant in°uence could be reduced e®ectively by adopting UVO treatment. This work may be helpful to fabricate higher performance functional devices based on two-dimensional materials by removal of the adhesive residue.

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Oxidation of graphene in ozone under ultraviolet light

Cited by 94 publications

References 24 publications

Selective Ionic Transport through Tunable Subnanometer Pores in Single-Layer Graphene Membranes

Selective Ionic Transport through Tunable Subnanometer Pores in Single-Layer Graphene Membranes

Graphene membranes for water desalination

Ultraviolet-Ozone Treatment for Effectively Removing Adhesive Residue on Graphene

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