Oxidation mechanism of an Fe–9Cr–1Mo steel by liquid Pb–Bi eutectic alloy at 470°C (Part II)

Martinelli, Laure; Balbaud-Célérier, F.; Terlain, A.; Bosonnet, Sophie; Picard, Gauthier; Santarini, G.

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2008.06.051

Cited by 191 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The oxides developed under experimental conditions were sufficient to protect the steel T91 from the direct contact with the static liquid LBE. The oxidation process of the steel in contact with oxygen which contains LBE was extensively studied in [15][16][17][18][19]. The authors described the growth mechanism of a double-layer oxide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnetite layer grows by iron diffusion in the outer direction at the LBE/oxide interface, whereas the FeCr spinel layer grows, at the metal/magnetite interface, inside the space kept "available" by the iron vacancies accumulation due to iron outwards diffusion for magnetite formation. The limiting mechanism is the iron diffusion that allows the creation of available space for the Fe-Cr spinel growth [16]. According to these assumptions, the Fe-Cr spinel layer thickness depends on the capability of magnetite formation, which is also dependent on the oxygen content of the environment and on the microstructure of the surface layer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxide scales are known to be able to protect the structural alloys against the liquid metal corrosion [1,7]. The stability of this surface barrier and its long-term protective properties depend on the oxygen content in the environment (coolant) and mainly on the composition and microstructure of the exposed steel [15][16][17][18]. This work focuses on the evaluation of oxides developed on the steel T91 exposed to LBE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of Oxides by Advanced Techniques

Duchoň

Halodová

Lorincink

et al. 2018

Acta Metall. Slovaca

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For the safe development of GenIV nuclear reactors, it is necessary to study the compatibility of structural materials with new coolants. Current work describes the behavior of ferriticmartensitic steel T91 in a Heavy Liquid Metal environment. Specimens were pre-stressed up to yield strength and subsequently exposed to the lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) under static conditions for 2000 hours. The goal was to identify the susceptibility to crack initiation under selected experimental conditions. The examination of metal-LBE interface was done in a reference position of the sample using the SEM equipped with EDX. Formation of oxide scales observed on the interface had no signs of crack initiation. The oxide was characterized by a twolayer structure. A TEM lamella was created from the sample by a FIB in-situ lift-out technique and it was subsequently analyzed in HRTEM. Individual oxide layers were identified and characterized by SAED, EELS and EDS techniques. Finally, STEM-HAADF and EFTEM techniques were used to visualize the matrix-oxide interface.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of Oxides by Advanced Techniques

Duchoň

Halodová

Lorincink

et al. 2018

Acta Metall. Slovaca

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“…The oxide thickness ratio is close to 1, and the oxidation rate constant of the two layers follows approximately the parabolic law. The "available space model" is proposed to explain the oxidation mechanism of the duplex oxide scale [15]. In the "available space" model, the thickness ratio between the oxide layers formed is constant with exposure time, because the growth mechanism of both oxide layers is linked.…”

Section: Assumptions and Formulas Of Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Oxidation Kinetics and Oxide Scale Void Position of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels in Supercritical Water

Sun

Yan

2017

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Exfoliation of oxide scales from high-temperature heating surfaces of power boilers threatened the safety of supercritical power generating units. According to available space model, the oxidation kinetics of two ferritic-martensitic steels are developed to predict in supercritical water at 400 ∘ C, 500 ∘ C, and 600 ∘ C. The iron diffusion coefficients in magnetite and Fe-Cr spinel are extrapolated from studies of Backhaus and Töpfer. According to Fe-Cr-O ternary phase diagram, oxygen partial pressure at the steel/Fe-Cr spinel oxide interface is determined. The oxygen partial pressure at the magnetite/supercritical water interface meets the equivalent oxygen partial pressure when system equilibrium has been attained. The relative error between calculated values and experimental values is analyzed and the reasons of error are suggested. The research results show that the results of simulation at 600 ∘ C are approximately close to experimental results. The iron diffusion coefficient is discontinuous in the duplex scale of two ferritic-martensitic steels. The simulation results of thicknesses of the oxide scale on tubes (T91) of final superheater of a 600 MW supercritical boiler are compared with field measurement data and calculation results by Adrian's method. The calculated void positions of oxide scales are in good agreement with a cross-sectional SEM image of the oxide layers.

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“…At lower and higher temperatures, LME is less of an issue, leading to a temperature interval ("ductility trough") wherein the material is susceptible to LME (typically in 300 -450 C range, for ferritic and ferritic-martensitic alloys) [74][75][76]. These A significant number of studies on the formation of oxide layers in LBE at temperatures above 450 0 C have been performed on a variety of different steels, leading to theoretical models of oxide formation proposed [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Austenitic (Fe-Cr-Ni) steels cannot be used at temperatures > 550 0 C because of the high solubility (S) of nickel in lead and bismuth at these temperatures (log S Ni = 1.53 -873/T, for 673 < T < 1173 K) [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic

et al. 2018

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At elevated temperatures, heavy liquid metals and their alloys are known to create a highly corrosive environment that causes irreversible degradation of most iron-based materials. It has been found that an appropriate concentration of oxygen in the liquid alloy can significantly reduce this issue by creating a passivating oxide scale that controls diffusion, especially if Al is present in Fe-based materials (by Al-oxide formation). However, the increase of the temperature and of oxygen content in liquid phase leads to the increase of oxygen diffusion into bulk, and to promotion of the internal Al oxidation. This can cause a strain in bulk near the oxide layer, due either to mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the oxides and bulk material, or to misfit of the crystal lattices (bulk vs. oxides). This work investigates the strain induced into proximal bulk of a Fe-Cr-Al alloy by oxide layers formation in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic utilizing synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction. It is found that internal oxidation is the most likely cause for the strain in the metal rather than thermal expansion mismatch as a two-layer problem.Dear Sir, I re-submit our paper entitled: "A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic" on behalf of all co-authors to Acta Materialia, after addressing all the revisions stated by the reviewer. In the study, we analyze a strain in the near-interface bulk of ferritic FeCrAl alloy after its exposure to heavy liquid metals. Two possible origins of strain were considered: internal oxidation of aluminum in bulk, and thermal expansion mismatch between the oxide and the bulk. A positive correlation of dislocation density with peak width distribution indicates that strain comes from plastic deformation, while the evidence of grain refinement and sub-grain formation indicates a noticeable internal oxidation. Based on the comparison with theoretical predictions, we conclude that internal oxidation is more dominant mechanism of strain induction.Sincerely, Miroslav P. Popovic, UC Berkeley Cover LetterWe thank the reviewer for his/her time and effort.Below we address all reviewer's comments (labeled "C") in detail, marked in green (labeled "A").C 0: -Dear authors, congratulations for this interesting work.A 0: We thank the reviewer for his/her assessment of our paper. C1-1: You are studying the deformation and strain induced in the bulk of a Fe-Cr-Al alloy (Alkrothal 720) by oxide scales that form in liquid LBE. Alkrothal is a bcc alloy, a fact that you should clearly mention when you describe the material in the Experimental section (not just mention that it is a ferritic alloy), giving some basic information on the lattice parameters. A1-2: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We made changes in the manuscript and modified our statement (in the first paragraph of section 2. Experimental), so it reads now as following: C1-2. What you neglect to mention, however, is th...

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Oxidation mechanism of an Fe–9Cr–1Mo steel by liquid Pb–Bi eutectic alloy at 470°C (Part II)

Cited by 191 publications

References 33 publications

Characterisation of Oxides by Advanced Techniques

Characterisation of Oxides by Advanced Techniques

Estimation of Oxidation Kinetics and Oxide Scale Void Position of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels in Supercritical Water

A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic

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