“…The materials, including the works of, such as, Winslow (1920), Jones, Shainberg, and Byer (1985), Afifi and Breslow (1994), Cole (1995), Nijhuis and van der Maesen (1994), Beauchamp (1995), Krug and Hepworth (1997), Bhopal (1999), Weed (1999), van der Maesen and Nijhuis (2000), Earle, Lloyd, Sidell, and Spurr, 2007, Dawson (2009), Gifford (2011), Howick (2011), Guest, Ricciardi, Kawachi, and Lang, 2013, Park (2013, Muthu (2014), and Turnock (2016), which have been reviewed in this study with intent to reveal the nature of the public health evidence that aspects are transformed to the subject matters of the study. It's not possible to spell every aspect out in detail, but it could generally be said that all of these are claimed to be related to problems in the public health field including the ways to define and solve the problems.…”