“…Other empirical studies have focused on consumer satisfaction Florio, 2011), aggregate output (e.g., Copenhagen Economics, 2005;Zhang et al, 2008;Prati et al, 2013), productivity (e.g., Zhang et al, 2005;Pompei, 2013;Borghi et al, 2016;Polemis, 2016;Polemis and Stengos, 2017;Gugler et al 2017), quality of service (Nardi, 2012), aggregate network losses (Nagayama, 2010), greenhouse gas emissions (Asane-Otoo, 2016; Clò et al, 2016), and investments within the electricity sector (e.g., Alesina et al, 2005;Cambini and Rondi, 2010;Nardi, 2012;Gugler et al, 2013;Sugimoto, 2019Sugimoto, , 2021. As this study investigates the effect of structural reforms on network performance using different performance indicators (network investments, reliability and losses), we are mainly interested in the previous empirical studies using similar performance indicators, including Alesina et al (2005), Nagayama (2010), Cambini and Rondi (2010), Nardi (2012), Gugler et al (2013) and Sugimoto (2019Sugimoto ( , 2021. Alesina et al (2005) find a positive impact of structural reforms, in particular entry liberalization, on gross investments in several network industries in 21 OECD countries in the period 1975 to 1998.…”