Ovulation failure and double ovulation in dairy cattle: risk factors and effects

López‐Gatius, F.; López-Béjar, Manel; Fenech, M.; Hunter, R. H. F.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.06.010

Cited by 126 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Contrary to the previous reports by López-Gatius (16) and López-Gatius et al (17,18) of COD as a common disorder and a significant cause of reproductive failure in dairy cows in Spain, COD is in the fifth place as a cause of subfertility in cows from Central Croatia and has decreased 2-fold over a 5-year period. We speculate that the mentioned differences can be attributed to the breed and milk yield since studies in Spain included the high-producing Holstein-Friesian breed while our study included cows of the Simmental breed of dual purpose with lower milk production.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…For the purpose of the study, cystic ovarian disease (COD) was diagnosed when 1 or more fluid-filled structures were found on ovaries unilaterally or bilaterally measuring more than 3 cm in diameter and persisting for 10 or more days with the absence of corpus luteum (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). The diameter was estimated by transrectal palpation and measured using ultrasonography.…”

Section: Subfertilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fertility issues in Simmental cows in Central Croatia: a 5-year study

Zobel¹,

TKALČIĆ²,

COLE³

2013

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Section: Subfertilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility issues in Simmental cows in Central Croatia: a 5-year study

Zobel¹,

TKALČIĆ²,

COLE³

2013

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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“…In another study, the overall rate of ovulation failure in lactating dairy cows detected in estrus was 6.5% and was greater during the warm than during the cool season (López-Gatius et al, 2005). This rate of ovulation failure represents a small percentage of the population of cows and could occur due to failure in the mechanism triggering ovulation (i.e.…”

Section: Efficiency Of Detection Of Estrusmentioning

confidence: 97%

Expression and detection of estrus in dairy cows: the role of new technologies

Fricke

Carvalho

Giordano

et al. 2014

Animal

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Despite the widespread adoption of hormonal synchronization protocols that allow for timed artificial insemination (AI), detection of estrus plays an important role in the reproductive management program on most dairies in the United States. Increased physical activity is a secondary sign of estrus in dairy cattle, and a new generation of electronic systems that continuously monitor physical activity to predict timing of AI have been developed and marketed to the dairy industry. A variety of management and physiologic challenges inhibit detection of behavioral estrus on farms, but the prevalence of anouvular cows near the end of the voluntary waiting period is particularly problematic. Only 70% of lactating Holstein cows were detected in estrus when using an activity monitoring system, with the remaining 20% of cows classified as anovular and 10% ovulating without showing signs of activity. Mean time of AI in relation to ovulation based on the activity monitoring system was acceptable for most of the cows with increased activity, however, variability in the duration of estrus and timing of AI in relation to ovulation could result in poor pregnancy outcomes in some cows. Use of a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol for submission of cows for first AI has been widely adopted by dairies in the United States, and a combined approach in which AI based on activity is followed by submission of cows not detected with activity to timed AI after synchronization of ovulation may be an effective strategy for submission of cows to first AI. Based on a field trial on a large commercial dairy in the United States, the activity monitoring system detected 70% of cows with increased activity after the second PGF 2α injection of a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol, however, cows inseminated to increased activity had fewer pregnancies per AI (P/AI) compared with cows with increased activity after the second PGF 2α injection that received timed AI after completing the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol. Based on an economic model comparing reproductive management programs with varying levels of AI to estrus v. timed AI, the rate of estrus detection and the P/AI to inseminations based on AI to detected estrus v. timed AI affected the decision to inseminate based on activity v. timed AI. In conclusion, an activity monitoring system detected increased activity in about 70% of lactating Holstein cows on a large commercial dairy in the United States, however, synchronization of ovulation and timed AI was beneficial to inseminate cows not detected with increased activity by the activity monitoring system.

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“…To achieve high P/AI, the concentration of progesterone on the day of timed insemination has to be very low, ideally below 0.3 ng/mL (Santos et al, 2010a); however, PGF 2α administered as a single dose on day 7 or as two doses on days 5 and 6 after GnRH usually results in only 70% to 84% of cows with progesterone < 0.3 ng/mL on the day of the timed AI (Santos et al, 2010a;Giordano et al, 2013). Finally, although ovulation is synchronised between 24 and 32 h after the final GnRH injection (Pursley et al, 1995), not all cows have a synchronised ovulation, which typically averages 85% (Santos et al, 2010a), and this number seems to decline when cows are exposed to heat stress because of the supposed deleterious effects of hyperthermia on ovulation (López-Gatius et al, 2005). Furthermore, herds with increased prevalence of peripartum diseases have reduced response to synchronisation programmes because of increased prevalence of anovular cows, reduced fertilisation and impaired embryo development, which ultimately leads to smaller P/AI and increased pregnancy loss (Santos et al, 2010b;Ribeiro et al, 2013).…”

Section: The Ovsynch Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronisation of ovulation for management of reproduction in dairy cows

Bisinotto

Ribeiro²,

Santos³

2014

Animal

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Important developments have occurred in the last two decades, since the advent of the Ovsynch protocol, on the understanding and use of synchronisation programmes for management of reproduction in dairy herds. This better understanding of oestrus cycle control associated with suboptimal reproductive performance in dairy herds has led dairy producers to quickly adopt timed artificial insemination (AI) protocols. Recent surveys have documented that fixed-time AI has become an important component of management of reproduction in high-producing herds. Furthermore, timed AI protocols have also demonstrated benefits in pasture-based milk production systems because of the ability to increase insemination rate. In general, successful use of the Ovsynch protocol requires some fundamental physiological principles to be respected, including: induction of ovulation to synchronise follicle growth in the first 2 days of the programme such that a young antral follicle is recruited; maintenance of high concentrations of progesterone during the development of the ovulatory follicle, but also effectively lyse the corpus luteum to result in very low concentration of progesterone at AI; and having a healthy pre-ovulatory follicle of moderate diameter that is highly oestrogenic and responsive to gonadotropins to synchronously ovulate 12 to 18 h after insemination. Current methods oestrous and ovulation synchronisation are still not optimal and future improvements will likely require new technologies for hormone formulation and delivery such that additional interventions are minimised to maintain acceptance by producers.Keywords: dairy cow, reproduction, synchronisation, timed AI ImplicationsConsolidation of the dairy industry with constant increase in herd size has generated the need for systematic programmes to manage reproduction. The advent of synchronisation of ovulation protocols that secure artificial insemination at a pre-established time with adequate fertility has become an integral component of breeding management in multiple production systems. The better understanding of ovarian biology of dairy cows with improved control of follicle growth and luteal lifespan has resulted in refinement of these programmes in the last two decades, providing unique opportunities to manipulate follicle development, improve oocyte quality and enhance embryo survival. IntroductionReproductive management in dairy farms has markedly evolved in the past 20 years to a great extent because of the development of synchronisation programmes that allow for fixed-time artificial insemination (AI). Early research on control of follicle development and corpus luteum (CL) lifespan aimed to develop systems that synchronise follicle growth, luteolysis and finally ovulation at a predictable time such that timed AI could be performed to optimise fertility in cattle (Thatcher et al., 1996). Initial work studying the control of follicular wave with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by Macmillan and Thatcher (1991) paved the way for the development of the O...

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Ovulation failure and double ovulation in dairy cattle: risk factors and effects

Cited by 126 publications

References 29 publications

Fertility issues in Simmental cows in Central Croatia: a 5-year study

Fertility issues in Simmental cows in Central Croatia: a 5-year study

Expression and detection of estrus in dairy cows: the role of new technologies

Synchronisation of ovulation for management of reproduction in dairy cows

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