“…Under the New Public management (NPM) model, public sector organizations around the world has been experiencing immense organizational changes to redesign its functions (Tenbensel et al, 2021;Hood & Doxin, 2015;Kuipers et al, 2014). This revelation conventionally adheres to the system-theory view (Katz & Kahn, 1978), which suggests that dynamic environmental factors, such as technological advances (Dunleavy et al, 2006), shifting consumer preferences, and unstable financial conditions (Hendriks & Tops, 2003), pose ceaseless threats, forcing organizations to respond accordingly for a better chance of survival & success (Herrero-Luna et al, 2022).…”