Overwintering Developmental Stages of Emerald Ash Borer in North Carolina

Abstract

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Plasticity drives extreme cold tolerance of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) during a polar vortex

“…We do not have plasticity information for our Barrie population, although we note that overwintering these animals in London, ON (a milder climate than Barrie, ON) yielded similar cold tolerance to what we saw in the (former) SW Ontario populations ( Crosthwaite et al., 2011 ), suggesting that a similar plasticity exists in that population. However, we cannot speculate about whether all North American A. planipennis populations have capacity for such extreme phenotypic plasticity, although in future it will be interesting to measure cold tolerance plasticity in the A. planipennis populations expanding into mild habitats in the USA and Europe ( Nalepa et al., 2021 , Volkovitsh et al., 2021 ).…”

Size of emerald ash borer in North Carolina,USA: Preliminary evidence for a sawtooth cline?

“…North Carolina appears to be at or near a geographic life cycle transition point where nearly all EAB larvae develop to a prepupal stage in a single year, that is, EAB is univoltine (Bohannon, 2022;Bohannon et al, 2022;Nalepa et al, 2021). The current results indicating that EAB body size in NC is smaller than expected if it were to fit a converse Bergmann's cline may be associated with this life cycle shift.…”

“…This is because, in a given year, larval stages susceptible to parasitism (typically third and fourth instars) are not abundant prior to the reproduction of adult EAB emerging in a population (Bohannon et al, 2022). This constrained seasonal availability of parasitoid‐susceptible EAB larvae would reduce appropriate host material for spring‐emerging parasitoids, potentially preventing the successful establishment of these parasitoid species (Bohannon, 2022; Bohannon et al, 2022; Gould et al, 2020; Nalepa et al, 2021).…”

“…Because they have restricted mobility and are unable to determine their own nutritional situation, tree-boring larvae need flexibility to optimally exploit the T A B L E 2 Comparison of body length of female emerald ash borers using three collection techniques at one site in Garner, North Carolina in 2020 and 2021. habitat available to them (Andersen & Nilssen, 1983). Season length is notably variable at NC latitudes (Nalepa et al, 2021: Table 1), but additional growing time does not always serve to increase adult size (reviewed by Chown & Gaston, 2010). Diet quality and larval competition are also influential (Garcia-Robledo et al, 2020;Gardner et al, 2011).…”

“…Because of the location of its initial invasion, most studies on the biology and life history of EAB have been implemented in the northern United States. Regional climatic differences, however, may affect the applicability of these results to other geographic regions of the country (e.g., Abell et al, 2019;Bohannon, 2022;Bohannon et al, 2022;Nalepa et al, 2021). Emerald ash borer was first detected in North Carolina (NC) in 2013 and is now reported from 63 counties in the state.…”