Overweight, Ethnicity, and the Prevalence of Hypertension in School-Aged Children

Sorof, Jonathan M.; Lai, Dejian; Turner, Jennifer; Poffenbarger, Tim; Portman, Ronald J.

doi:10.1542/peds.113.3.475

Cited by 916 publications

(825 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This is in agreement with the findings from previous studies. 30,31 However, in our analysis there was no significant independent association between potassium intake and blood pressure. This is in contrast with the studies in adults where potassium intake was inversely related to blood pressure.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Salt and blood pressure in children and adolescents

2007

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To study the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure in children and adolescents, we analysed the data of a large cross-sectional study (the National Diet and Nutrition Survey for young people), which was carried out in Great Britain in 1997 in a nationally representative sample of children aged between 4 and 18 years. A total of 1658 participants had both salt intake and blood pressure recorded. Salt intake was assessed by a 7-day dietary record. The average salt intake, which did not include salt added in cooking or at the table, was 4.770.2 g/day at the age of 4 years. With increasing age, there was an increase in salt intake, and by the age of 18 years, salt intake was 6.870.2 g/day. There was a significant association of salt intake with systolic blood pressure as well as with pulse pressure after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and dietary potassium intake. An increase of 1 g/day in salt intake was related to an increase of 0.4 mm Hg in systolic and 0.6 mm Hg in pulse pressure. The magnitude of the association with systolic blood pressure is very similar to that observed in a recent meta-analysis of controlled trials where salt intake was reduced. The consistent finding of our present analysis of a random sample of free-living individuals with that from controlled salt reduction trials provides further support for a reduction in salt intake in children and adolescents.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Salt and blood pressure in children and adolescents

2007

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“…Finally, the US Task Force on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents recommends measuring blood pressure on three or more separate occasions before identifying the type of hypertension. 12 Owing to the limited time to perform each physical examination, this study only measures the BP values twice on a 5-min rest interval to increase the accuracy of BP in a single visit, and uses the average in the analyses. Measurement errors while assessing biological variables of BP and anthropometric variables are likely to be minimal and any error would likely be random and only attenuate the results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,12 This high prevalence of obesity increases the importance of examining hypertension trends. 13,14 The growing obesity epidemic may contribute to an unexpected increase in the number of children with hypertension.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The trend of hypertension and its relationship to the weight status among Taiwanese young adolescents

2011

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This study evaluates prevalence of hypertension in 1996 and 2006, and examines the relationship between hypertension and weight of Taiwanese young adolescents. Two cross-sectional surveys, administered in 1996 and 2006, to junior-high school in Taipei were included. Anthropometric and blood pressure were measured using standard methods, and structured questionnaire was used to collect personal history and lifestyle characteristics. Overweight and obesity are defined based on Taiwan's Department of Health criteria and bases pre-hypertension and hypertension on the 90th and 95th percentile distribution of blood pressure of the population of both surveys. The prevalence of pre-hypertension in Taiwan between 1996 and 2006 increased from 12.0 to 14.4% for boys and decreased from 9.5 to 9.4% for girls. Hypertension increased from 22.8-29.7% and 12.5-20.7% for both boys and girls, respectively. In 1996, compared with normal young adolescents, the risk of hypertension for overweight was 1.8 times higher for boys and 3.4 times for girls. However, the risk of hypertension for overweight in 2006 was 1.7 times higher for boys and 1.5 times higher for girls compared with normal. Every unit increment of body mass index and waist circumference was associated with 17-27% and 6-11% risk of hypertension in both genders in 1996, and was associated with 9-13% and 4% risk of hypertension among young adolescents in 2006, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension has increased significantly in young adolescents, especially for overweight. It is necessary to enrol young adolescents in weight management programs to prevent hypertension-related co-morbidities.

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“…In addition, population-based studies have consistently shown that overweight/obese children have higher levels of BP and a higher prevalence of hypertension than their non-overweight/obese counterparts. [9][10][11] Given that sedentary behaviours are positively associated with childhood adiposity, [12][13][14] it is reasonable to hypothesize that various sedentary activities may also be independently associated with BP in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between a range of sedentary behaviours and blood pressure during early adolescence

et al. 2011

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Very few studies have explored links between physical activity, sedentary behaviours and blood pressure (BP) in early adolescence. We aimed to assess the association between a range of sedentary activities (screen time, television (TV) viewing, computer usage, video game usage and time spent in homework or reading) and BP in schoolchildren. Eligible year-7 students (2353/3144, mean age 12.7 years) from a random cluster sample of 21 Sydney schools were examined during [2003][2004][2005]. Parents and children completed detailed questionnaires of activity. BP was measured using a standard protocol and high BP was defined using published guidelines. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, parental education, height, BMI and time spent in physical activity, each hour per day spent in screen time, watching TV and playing video games was associated with a significant increase in diastolic BP of 0.44 (P ¼ 0.0001), 0.99 (Po0.0001) and 0.64 mm Hg (P ¼ 0.04), respectively. In contrast, each hour per day spent reading was associated with a decrease of 0.91 (P ¼ 0.01) and 0.69 mm Hg (P ¼ 0.02) in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Our results indicate that addressing different types of sedentary activities could be a potentially important strategy to reduce the prevalence of elevated BP in children.

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Overweight, Ethnicity, and the Prevalence of Hypertension in School-Aged Children

Abstract: These results confirm an evolving epidemic of cardiovascular risk in youth, as evidenced by an increase in the prevalence of overweight and hypertension, notably among ethnic minority children.

Cited by 916 publications

References 19 publications

Salt and blood pressure in children and adolescents

Salt and blood pressure in children and adolescents

The trend of hypertension and its relationship to the weight status among Taiwanese young adolescents

Relationship between a range of sedentary behaviours and blood pressure during early adolescence

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