Overweight and obesity as major, modifiable risk factors for urinary incontinence in young to mid‐aged women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lamerton, Tayla; Torquati, Luciana; Brown, Wendy J.

doi:10.1111/obr.12756

Cited by 56 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The prevalence of UI was lower in young women with tertiary education, and significantly higher in women with BMI > 30, parous women, women with high psychological distress, and current smokers. These findings are consistent with previous research on the correlates of UI 13‐16 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Urinary incontinence in young women: Risk factors, management strategies, help‐seeking behavior, and perceptions about bladder control

Lamerton

Mielke

Brown

2020

Neurourology and Urodynamics

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The aim was to describe the characteristics of young adult women who report urinary incontinence (UI), the types of UI they experience, the strategies they use or consider important for managing UI, and help-seeking behavior. Methods: Data were from the 1989-1995 Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health cohort (n = 8457) at age 22 to 27 (in 2017). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize: characteristics of young women who experience UI; the types of UI they experience; which strategies women use to manage UI; perceptions of bladder control; and the proportion of women who seek help (and reasons why not). Prevalence ratios for UI according to sample characteristics were calculated using Poisson regression models. Results: At age 22 to 27, 11% (n = 986) of young women reported UI in the past month. Compared with women who did not have UI, those reporting UI were 7 kg heavier on average and were more likely to be in the obese body mass index category, report high psychological distress, and have at least one child. Most women with UI reported mixed symptoms of UI (stress and urge), and used a combination of strategies to self-manage UI symptoms. Only one in five women had sought help or advice from a healthcare professional. Conclusions: Obesity, parity, and high psychological distress are strong correlates of UI in young women. As the majority of women with UI do not seek help, the antenatal period may be a critical time for healthcare providers to identify those at risk, and encourage early prevention or effective management strategies. As physical activity is positively associated with better outcomes for obesity and psychological distress, there may also be concurrent improvements in UI if these issues are addressed. K E Y W O R D S female, help seeking, risk factors, urinary incontinence 1 | INTRODUCTION Urinary incontinence (UI) is a complaint of involuntary loss of urine, 1 which affects millions of women worldwide. The mechanism of continence requires the coordination of bladder, urethra, pelvic floor muscles, and supporting ligaments, as well as neurological modulation, which can be facilitated or inhibited through

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Urinary incontinence in young women: Risk factors, management strategies, help‐seeking behavior, and perceptions about bladder control

Lamerton

Mielke

Brown

2020

Neurourology and Urodynamics

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“…diabetes and asthma [11], depressive symptoms [12], gestational diabetes [13], back pain [14] and urinary incontinence. [15]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories and determinants of weight gain in two cohorts of young adult women born 16 years apart

et al. 2021

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Background The aims were to compare: (1) baseline weights and weight gain trajectories; (2) sociodemographic, behavioural and health characteristics driving weight gain; and (3) estimated average weight in 20 years’ time, in two cohorts of young women. Methods Data were from 16066 participants in two population-based cohorts of young adult women, born in 1973–78 (“GenX”) and 1989–95 (“millennials”). Weight was reported at baseline (age 18–23 in both cohorts) and 4 years later. High weight gain was defined as >2.5% per year. Data were analysed in 2020. Results Women born in 1989–95 were almost 4 kg heavier at age 18–23 and gained weight over 4 years 1.7 times faster than those born in 1973–78. Prevalence of high weight gain was 34.2% in the 1989–95 cohort and 24% in the 1973–78 cohort. In both cohorts, older age, higher education and high physical activity were associated with lower odds of high weight gain, and more hours in paid work, poorer self-rated health and higher baseline BMI were associated with higher odds of high weight gain. Five factors (outer regional areas, one child, ex or current smoker, high stress and depression) were determinants of high weight gain in the 1989–95 cohort, but not in the 1973–78 cohort. Based on average weight at age 21 and annual percentage weight gain, we estimate that women born in 1989–95 will, on average, be 16.7 kg heavier at age 41 (93.2 kg), than women in the 1973–78 cohort (76.5 kg). Conclusion High weight gain was evident in every sociodemographic group in both cohorts but most evident in millennial women with high levels of stress and depression. Without effective weight gain prevention strategies we estimate that more than 50% of the millennial women will be in the obese BMI category in 20 years. This will have serious economic, health and societal consequences.

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“…However, these studies are cross sectional and may be limited by selection bias, so it is difficult to conclude whether women do not leak because they exercise or whether they can exercise because they do not leak. It may also be that the relationship between low-impact activities and decreased risk of UI is mediated by prevention of weight gain, given that overweight and obesity are strong predictors of UI [6,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pregnancy, vaginal delivery, high body mass index (BMI) and being middle-aged (≥ 40 years) are known risk factors for the development of UI [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. However, studies have also shown that nulliparous young women experience UI, especially women participating in high-impact activities and sports [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary incontinence in a fitness club setting—is it a workout problem?

et al. 2020

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Introduction The aims of the present study were to report longitudinal data on the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in a fitness club setting and to investigate whether gym members are educated about and exercise their pelvic floor muscles. Methods New members (125 women) from 25 fitness clubs in Oslo, Norway, filled in a 25-min online questionnaire (SurveyXact) at four time points (onset, 3, 6 and 12 months of fitness club membership). The questionnaire covered background/health information, membership dropout and exercise habits, including pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). A modified Subjective Health Complaints Inventory (SHC Inventory) and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) were used to gather repeated measures of UI. Results At onset, 3, 6 and 12 months of fitness club membership, 16.8%, 13.8%, 19.6% and 18.7% reported UI, respectively (p = 0.11). Of these, 57.1% to 76.2% reported leakage during exercise and perceived the UI to be slight. Less than 8% had received information about PFMT by the fitness club staff. Adherence to regular exercise and PFMT throughout the follow-up period (minimum two sessions/week) did not show any association with absent or present UI at 12 months (p = 0.48 and p = 0.63) and was reported by 30% and 22.2% of the participants, respectively. Conclusions About 17% reported UI at onset of fitness club membership, with no changes in proportions throughout the first year. Adherence to regular exercise and PFMT did not show any association with absent or present UI at 12 months. Few had been taught PFMT.

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Overweight and obesity as major, modifiable risk factors for urinary incontinence in young to mid‐aged women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Cited by 56 publications

References 37 publications

Urinary incontinence in young women: Risk factors, management strategies, help‐seeking behavior, and perceptions about bladder control

Urinary incontinence in young women: Risk factors, management strategies, help‐seeking behavior, and perceptions about bladder control

Trajectories and determinants of weight gain in two cohorts of young adult women born 16 years apart

Urinary incontinence in a fitness club setting—is it a workout problem?

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