Overweight and Obesity: A Brief Challenge on Prevalence, Complications and Physical Activity among Men and Women

Abstract

Obesity is a major problem for public health due to weight gain from imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. According to published data by World Health Organization (WHO), obesity was increased rapidly from outset of last decades of 1900. Prevalence of obesity is accepted as a socioeconomic challenge in present decade. Based on this topic, in particular since 1980 decade, if this trend cannot be reversed or at least restrained, high levels of obesity will naturally lead to increases in the prevalence of chronic diseases, with enormous economic and personal costs. Epidemiological reports show, in 2008, approximately 35% of adults were overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥25-29.9kg/m2) (34% men and 35% of women). The worldwide obesity prevalence has increased meaningfully between 1980 and 2008. In 2008, 10% of men and 14% of women in the world were obese (BMI≥30kg/m2), compared with 5% for men and 8% for women in 1980. An estimated 205million men and 297million women over the age of 20 were obese a total of more than half a billion adults worldwide. Since physical activity rates over the past three decades are essentially unchanged or lower, it would seem that increased body mass has limited the weight gain due to increased energy output. As a result, obesity prevention has become an international priority. Changes in life habits and patterns, such as dietary behaviors, advancing in technology, relief, sedentary life, and decrease of lifestyle physical activities, results in an increase of obesity and weight gain among men and women. Obesity is related to increased morbidity and mortality rates due to coronary heart disease (CHD), osteoarthritis, infectious disease and cancers. Excessive body weight, in addition, increases the risk of hypertension, unhealthy lipid profile, menopauses, gallbladder disease, diabetes, some cancers, psychosocial experiences, and many other causes of chronic morbidity. Obesity, in addition, involves major expenditure and therefore represents a socioeconomic health problem of the highest magnitude. It is clear that obesity as worldwide problem results in considerable morbidities and decrease individuals abilities for keep their good health for live. In this review we try that augment this history argument, epidemically and represent the relation between physical activities and weight control among men and women. body fatness and consequent morbidity and mortality. Keywords12,13 On base of BMI data, men have more BMI when compared with women, generally. However, more men are overweight than women, but in almost more women than men are obese through the world.14 Same to BMI, Waist Circumference (WC) is a useful predictor, commonly, for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) risks and undesirable profile of blood fats (Table 1). It is reported that there is a clear relation between the accumulation intra-abdominal fat and WC and increased hazards.5 On this base, WHO suggested WC measures for predict of hypertension and lipid disorders, particularly low high density lipoprotein...

Normal Body Mass Index and Heart Rate Variability

“…Hence, the BMI is an easy and noninvasive way to evaluate the degree of excess weight in adults 2 . As per epidemiological reports, the proportion of overweight and obese adults increased globally from 28.8 per cent in 1980 to 36.9 per cent in 2013 for men and from 29.8 per cent to 38 per cent for women 1 . Thus, prevalence of high BMI rapidly increased in last decades.…”

“…BMI is a numerical figure that gives an idea of the physical type of the human body and its subgroups are often categorised qualitatively. A BMI of less than 18.5 is classified as underweight, from 18.5 to 25 as normal, between 25 and 30 as overweight and more than 30 is termed as obesity 1 . Hence, the BMI is an easy and noninvasive way to evaluate the degree of excess weight in adults 2 .…”

Ambulatory blood pressure pattern in overweight and obese subjects: a prospective, cross-sectional study

“…13 Increased body weight is associated with adverse effects on the physiological body functions and thus, is implicated in various chronic disorders such as osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 DM, respiratory disease, cancers, and premature mortality. 1,2,[14][15][16] As compared to office BP monitoring, ABPM is better predictor of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). 17 Moreover, closer relationship has been demonstrated between 24 h mean ambulatory BP and morbid or fatal events, and it is more sensitive risk predictor of CV outcomes than office BP.…”

The effect of Zumba exercises on body composition, dynamic balance and functional fitness parameters in 15-17 years old women with high body mass index

“…In recent years, overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence have become an important health problem all over the world, especially in developed countires due to the decrease in physical activity [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that approximately 40% of individuals over the age of 18 were overweight [2], and studies have shown that the rate of overweight and obesity is more common in women than in men [3]. In Turkey, as in similar studies carried out worldwide prevalence, rate of overweight and obesity was higher in women compared to men [4].…”