Overview spectra and axial distribution of spectral line intensities in a high-current vacuum arc with CuCr electrodes

Lisnyak, Marina; Pipa, A. V.; Gorchakov, Sergey; Iséni, Sylvain; Franke, Steffen; Khapour, A.; Methling, Ralf; Weltmann, K.‐D.

doi:10.1063/1.4931766

Cited by 38 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, a bright glowing region near the anode is also seen in figure 5. Considering the results in other studies [9], glowing near the anode can be explained by the presence of a zone with high-density metallic atoms.…”

Section: The Vacuum Arc In Diffuse Modementioning

confidence: 50%

“…To obtain a deeper understanding of the physical process in vacuum arcs and dielectric recovery process after arc extinction, vacuum arc studies and metallic vapor density measurements are useful. Lisnyak [9] investigated the axial distribution of spectral line intensities of vacuum arcs operating in the diffuse mode using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). His results show that the intensity maxima of excited atoms occur near the electrodes, which suggests a non-uniform distribution of metallic vapor density during the arcing period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical absorption spectroscopy of metallic (Cr) vapor in a vacuum arc

Wang

Liu

et al. 2018

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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The measurement of the metallic vapor density in a vacuum arc is crucial to acquire a better understanding of both the anodic activity and the dielectric recovery process in vacuum interrupters. The objective of this study was to measure the chromium vapor density and its axial distribution within the gap between the chromium contacts. Optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS) with a broadband light-source is adopted for this investigation. The results show that when the vacuum arc burns in the diffuse mode, the metallic vapor density maxima occur near the electrodes during the arcing period. At the peak current, the vapor density near the electrodes can be as high as 2.5 × 1018 m−3. With the decrease of the arc current, the metallic vapor density near the electrodes decreases as well, while the vapor density in the center of the gap remains nearly constant during the arcing period. At current zero, the metallic vapor in the gap has a nearly uniform distribution of about 3 × 1017 m−3. When the vacuum arc burns in the high-current mode, the metallic vapor density near the anode is lower than that in other areas until the vacuum arc becomes diffuse. Then, the evaporation process of the anodic molten region starts to play an important role and the metallic vapor density near the anode increases. At current zero, the metallic vapor has a density of about 4 × 1018 m−3 near the anode, which is much higher than anywhere else. Because the metallic vapor density at current zero is too low to cause a Townsend avalanche, extra factors are needed for initiating the breakdown in the post-arc phase. These factors could include a residual plasma within the gap and the behavior of the liquid metal in the molten anodic region.

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Section: The Vacuum Arc In Diffuse Modementioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical absorption spectroscopy of metallic (Cr) vapor in a vacuum arc

Wang

Liu

et al. 2018

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…At present, the arc shape is mainly based on the movement and distribution of spots and arc column under different conditions [2][3][4][5]. Some scholars use the emission spectrum, absorption spectrum, laser-induced fluorescence and other methods to realize the observation of the vacuum arc and acquire the 1D [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] or 2D distribution of the spectral line intensity and the particle density. Compared with the emission spectrum, the diagnostic system composition of absorption spectrum and laser-induced fluorescence method are more complex, through the external light source radiation to achieve the excitation and transition of particles in the plasma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results show that the main spectral lines of the vacuum arc at low current are atomic and univalent ionic lines. Lnyak et al [7] studied the axial distribution of the intensity of spectral lines of the vacuum arc in the diffused state and the high-current contraction state, and found that the maximum intensity of the atomic emission lines appeared near the electrode, the spatial distribution of metal vapor was uneven, and there was a unique emission peak of bivalent copper ions near the anode. At the same time, the distribution of spectral lines of atoms, univalent and bivalent copper ions with different electrode materials are studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of the dynamic evolution process of vacuum arc microscopic particles based on the emission spectrum principle

Liu,

Yuan,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The distribution of microscopic particles directly affect the recovery of post arc insulating medium and determine whether fault current can be interrupted. Based on the principle of vacuum arc emission spectrum, a high-speed spectrum observation platform was built to study the distribution of microscopic particles during the arc burning, and the axial and radial spectral line intensity and density distributions of atoms and ions under different current amplitudes were obtained. The results show that the CuI spectral line intensity has two peaks near the cathode and anode, while in the arc column it is relatively low. The peak of CuI spectral line intensity near the electrode is caused by electrode evaporation. The peak duration of CuI spectral line intensity near cathode is always longer than that near anode.CuII spectral line intensity is lower and appears later, disappears earlier, which in arc column increased obviously, compared with CuI. The CuII density near the cathode is higher than that near the anode, and the CuII density in the arc column is higher than two electrodes, which is similar to the axial distribution of electron density. The radial distribution curve of CuI and CuII density is similar to the radial distribution curve of spectral line intensity, showing the characteristics of high center and low edge in the radial direction of the arc gap. The difference is that the width of atomic spectral line is larger than that of corresponding ionic spectral line, the distribution curve of ionic spectral line is smooth and symmetrical, and the radial attenuation rate of CuII density is larger than that of corresponding CuI. This reflects the ionization of atoms and the effect of magnetic fields. The radial and axial distribution of particle density is opposite to that of excitation temperature. Electrode emission will first affect the atom formation.

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“…Among the various power system requirements, it is crucial that currents be interrupted reliably, especially short-circuit currents, and this reliability is closely related to dielectric recovery after vacuum arc extinction. It is believed that metal vapor combined with other factors like residual plasma and liquid droplets dominates the dielectric recovery process after the current reaches zero [3][4][5][6]. However, it could be observed that long-delayed breakdown occurs several or hundreds of milliseconds after current extinction, and this phenomenon cannot be attributed to the factors mentioned above [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect and dynamic behavior of particles in high-current vacuum arc interruptions

Wang

Yan

Jiang

et al. 2018

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Microparticles produced by high current vacuum arcs significantly reduce the insulation performance of vacuum interrupters. The objective of this paper is to observe the generation and dynamics of microparticles during the arcing and post-arcing period, and to further reveal the possible effects of particles during interruption of a high current vacuum arc. A plasma diagnosis system based on a laser-shadow technique was used to measure the particles in a demountable vacuum chamber. The results show that contact materials affect particle generation patterns. For a CuCr contact with a higher proportion of chromium, the formation of a melting pool is much more difficult and the flow of liquid metal on the surface can be suppressed, which also impedes the formation of particles. Moreover, reignition after arc extinction was found to be triggered by some incandescent particles. These hot particles have two effects on breakdown events during the post-arcing phase: they trigger a micro-discharge between a particle and the electrode, and new weak points are left on the surface that enhance the local field. More crucially, the lifetime of spontaneous particles spans up to hundreds of milliseconds after current zero, which indicates that long-delayed breakdown is correlated with the existence of particles. In addition, some particles could remain suspended near the electrode or oscillate between the contacts. The dynamic behavior of these particles can significantly lower the breakdown threshold and increase the possibility of breakdown.

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Overview spectra and axial distribution of spectral line intensities in a high-current vacuum arc with CuCr electrodes

Cited by 38 publications

References 24 publications

Optical absorption spectroscopy of metallic (Cr) vapor in a vacuum arc

Optical absorption spectroscopy of metallic (Cr) vapor in a vacuum arc

Observation of the dynamic evolution process of vacuum arc microscopic particles based on the emission spectrum principle

The effect and dynamic behavior of particles in high-current vacuum arc interruptions

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