Overview on Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP): A Potential Target for Diabetes Intervention

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder characterized by a persistent increment of blood glucose. Type 2 DM is characterized by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is among the factors that control the production and loss of pancreatic β-cells. Objective: Recent studies have shown that high glucose can significantly up-regulate the expression of the TXNIP. Overexpression of TXNIP in β-cells not only induced apoptosis but also decreased the production of insulin. At the same time, TXNIP deficiency protected the apoptosis of β-cells, leading to increased insulin production. Therefore, finding small molecules that can modulate TXNIP expression and downstream signalling pathways is essential. Thus, the inhibition of TXNIP has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and other tissues such as the heart and the kidney in DM. Therefore, DM treatment must target small TXNIP activity, inhibit expression, and promote endogenous cell mass and insulin production. Conclusion: This review briefly describes the effect mechanism, regulatory mechanism, and crystal structure of TXNIP. In addition, we highlight how TXNIP signalling networks contribute to diabetes and interact with drugs that inhibit the development often and its complexes. Finally, the current status and prospects of TXNIP targeted therapy are also discussed.

The Impact of Psilocybin on High Glucose/Lipid-Induced Changes in INS-1 Cell Viability and Dedifferentiation

“…Its crucial role in regulating the survival and function of β-cells is well established. Elevated levels of TXNIP have been demonstrated to trigger apoptosis in β-cells, while a deficiency in TXNIP has shown protective effects against both type 1 and type 2 diabetes by enhancing β-cell survival [39,40]. Our findings reveal that treatment with 10 µM psilocybin significantly reduced the induced levels of TXNIP in HG-HL-induced β-cells.…”

Epigenetics of methylation modifications in diabetic cardiomyopathy

“…Relationship between the methylation status of ABCG1 gene-related sites and the fasting blood glucose and insulin levels was also confirmed in other studies using microbead array chips (97,98). Al Muftah et al (99) quantified DNA methylation in whole blood DNA from Arab subjects, and verified CpG sites of 8 genes associated with the risk of T2DM, including TXNIP. Their result showed that TXNIP gene methylation was suppressed in T2DM patients.…”

“…Their result showed that TXNIP gene methylation was suppressed in T2DM patients. Moreover, TXNIP can participate in the development of T2DM-related vascular complications by inhibiting the ability of vascular endothelial growth factors to regulate angiogenesis ( 100 – 102 ).…”

Assessment of Sustainable Urban Expansion with Land Use and Land Cover Changes for Al-Hillah City Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

“…Each Landsat image has its own normalize difference vegetation index (NDVI) calculation. Healthy vegetation is an excellent electromagnetic spectrum absorber for a clear reason [41]. Chlorophyll is a substance found in greenery that powerfully reflects green (0.5-0.6 µm), red (0.4-0.5 µm), and blue (0.4-0.5 µm) [42,43].…”