Overview on immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning

Abstract

The arrangement and type of support has a significant impact on the efficiency of immobilized enzymes. 1-dimensional fibrous materials can be one of the most desirable supports for enzyme immobilization. This is due to their high surface area to volume ratio, internal porosity, ease of handling, and high mechanical stability, all of which allow a higher enzyme loading, release and finally lead to better catalytic efficiency. Fortunately, the enzymes can reside inside individual nanofibers to remain encapsulated and retain their three-dimensional structure. These properties can protect the enzyme's tolerance against harsh conditions such as pH variations and high temperature, and this can probably enhance the enzyme's stability. This review article will discuss the immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymers, which are fabricated into nanofibers by electrospinning. This technique is rapidly gaining popularity as one of the most practical ways to fibricate polymer, metal oxide, and composite micro or nanofibers. As a result, there is interest in using nanofibers to immobilize enzymes. Furthermore, present research on electrospun nanofibers for enzyme immobilization is primarily limited to the lab scale and industrial scale is still challanging. The primary future research objectives of this paper is to investigate the use of electrospun nanofibers for enzyme immobilization, which includes increasing yield to transfer biological products into commercial applications.

Selective Immobilization of His-Tagged Enzyme on Ni-Chelated Ion Exchange Resin and Its Application in Protein Purification

“…Ideal immobilized enzyme carrier materials usually have the following characteristics: (1) low price, easy to obtain; (2) good chemical and mechanical stability; (3) large specific surface area and good pore structure; (4) good affinity for enzymes; (5) surfaces that are easily functionalized and attached to by enzymes; (6) convenient recycling and reuse; (7) environmentally friendly [ 10 ]. Various materials have been used as matrix, carriers, or supports for enzyme immobilization, such as biopolymers [ 11 ], synthetic polymers [ 12 , 13 ], organic–inorganic composites [ 14 ], porous ceramics [ 15 ], and nanoparticles [ 16 ].…”

Hydrophilic Nonwoven Nanofiber Membranes as Nanostructured Supports for Enzyme Immobilization

“… 18 − 20 In this sense, inorganic and organic polymeric membranes have been receiving considerable attention. 21 − 23 …”

“…One key aspect of the enzyme immobilization preparation is the selection of material and the physicochemical principles of enzyme incorporation, which dictates the suitability of the use and the properties of the biotechnological asset. − The material features have a critical influence on the choice of the reactor, conditions of application, and also functional properties of the immobilized enzyme such as activity and stability. − It is therefore not surprising that the enzyme technology field has been adopting trends in material engineering, − where the new generation of materials has brought advances regarding new structural features and functionalities, carrying the applicability of enzymes beyond traditional formats of use. − In this sense, inorganic and organic polymeric membranes have been receiving considerable attention. − …”

“…Among new materials, nonwoven nanofiber membranes (NV-NF-Ms) have shown to be one of the most desirable nanostructured supports for enzyme immobilization due to their physicochemical properties. − Surface features (hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties) and surface functionalization to control enzyme binding are important design aspects to achieve practical, active, and stable catalysts. The suitable balance of hydrophobic/hydrophilic character should be normally suited to specific requirements of enzyme and reaction features.…”

Recent trends using natural polymeric nanofibers as supports for enzyme immobilization and catalysis

“…After electrospinning, the fibers can be used as a scaffold with tailored geometries, and features can be shaped by choosing appropriate material components and processing parameters. The main advantages of electrospun nanofibrous membrane over other nanoscale materials include a large surface for high enzyme loading (Rather et al, 2022; Wani et al, 2021). Furthermore, the fine porous structure provides better access to active sites and lowers resistance for diffusion, giving a high reaction and conversion rate.…”