Overview on Chikungunya Virus Infection: From Epidemiology to State-of-the-Art Experimental Models

Constant, Larissa E C; Rajsfus, Bia F; Carneiro, Pedro Henrique; Sisnande, Tháyna; Mohana‐Borges, Ronaldo; Allonso, Diego

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.744164

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 276 publications

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“…Multiple animal models have been used to study the pathogenesis and tropism of Alphaviruses, such as CHIKV and MAYV (43,44). We demonstrated classic signs of infection like footpad edema and a short incubation period (3-4 days after infection) in the animal model used in this study, which corroborates with Santos et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic of Mayaro virus transmission betweenAedes aegyptiandCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes and a mice model

Krokovsky

Lins

Guedes

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Mayaro virus (MAYV) is transmitted by Haemagogus spp. mosquitoes and has been circulating in Amazon areas in the North and Central West regions of Brazil since the 1980s, with an increase in human case notifications in the last 10 years. MAYV introduction in urban areas is a public health concern once the infection can cause severe symptoms similar to other Alphaviruses. Regarding to urban transmission, studies with Aedes aegypti demonstrate the potential vector competence of the species and the detection of MAYV in urban populations of mosquitoes. Considering the two most abundant urban mosquito species in Brazil, we investigated the dynamics of MAYV transmission by Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in a mice model. Mosquito colonies were artificially fed with blood containing MAYV and infection (IR) and dissemination rates (DR) were evaluated. On the 7th post-infection day (dpi), IFNAR BL/6 mice were made available as a blood source to both mosquito's species. After the appearance of clinical signs of infection, a second blood feeding was performed with a new group of non-infected mosquitoes. RT-q PCR and plaque assay were carried out with animal and mosquito's tissues. We found for Ae. aegypti a IR of 97,5-100% and a DR of 100% in both 7th and 14th dpi. Regarding Cx. quinquefasciatus, the IR found was 13.1-14.81% and DR ranged from 60% to 80%. To evaluate the mosquito-mice transmission rate, 18 mice were evaluated (Test=12 and Control=6) for Ae. aegypti and 12 animals (Test=8 and Control=4) for Cx. quinquefasciatus. All mice bitten by infected Ae. aegypti showed clinical signs of infection while all mice exposed to infected Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes remained healthy. Viremia found in those animals ranged from 2.5 x 108 to 5 x 109 PFU/ml. Ae. aegypti from the second blood feeding showed a 50% infection rate. Our study showed the applicability of an efficient model to complete arbovirus transmission cycle studies and suggests that the Ae. aegypti population evaluated is a competent vector for MAYV highlighting the risk of establishment of MAYV urban cycle. The mice model employed here can be used more extensively for arthropod-vector transmission studies, with laboratory and field mosquito populations, as well as with other arboviruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic of Mayaro virus transmission betweenAedes aegyptiandCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes and a mice model

Krokovsky

Lins

Guedes

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The mortality of the JEV cases is about 30%, while 50% of the survivors developed neuropsychiatric sequels ( Hsieh and John, 2020 ). DENV, ZIKA, and CHIKV are transmitted by the same mosquito causing encephalitis and encephalopathy, among other neurological manifestations, with an incidence between 0.5 and 20% ( Hills et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2017 ; Constant et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Emerging Zoonotic Encephalitis Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis

Böhmwald

Andrade

Gálvez

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinical symptoms of this pathology can vary depending on the brain zone affected, with mild ones such as fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, or severe ones, such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma, among others. Encephalitis can affect individuals of all ages, but it is frequently observed in pediatric and elderly populations, and the most common causes are viral infections. Several viral agents have been described to induce encephalitis, such as arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumovirus, and coronaviruses, among others. Once a neurotropic virus reaches the brain parenchyma, the resident cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, can be infected, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the subsequent immune cell infiltration that leads to brain damage. After resolving the viral infection, the local immune response can remain active, contributing to long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, neurocognitive impairment, and degenerative diseases. In this article, we will discuss how viruses can reach the brain, the impact of viral encephalitis on brain function, and we will focus especially on the neurocognitive sequelae reported even after viral clearance.

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“… 2 , 14 , 15 It remained isolated in this tropical/subtropical region due to the limited range of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which cannot survive in temperate regions. 2 , 14 , 15 It was not until the 2005 outbreak in La Reunion Islands when CHIKV showed the remarkable A226V mutation that gave it the ability to be transmitted by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which can survive in temperate regions, increasing its viral infectivity. 2 , 3 This mutation, along with increased propagation due to human driven activities, allowed for CHIKV to spread across the globe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2 , 14 , 15 It was not until the 2005 outbreak in La Reunion Islands when CHIKV showed the remarkable A226V mutation that gave it the ability to be transmitted by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which can survive in temperate regions, increasing its viral infectivity. 2 , 3 This mutation, along with increased propagation due to human driven activities, allowed for CHIKV to spread across the globe. 3 , 13 , 16 The appearance of CHIKV in temperate regions lead to densely populated and wealthy regions of the world experiencing the disease, like the outbreaks in Italy in 2007 and France in 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 19 , 21 , 31 , 32 Severe chronic CHIKV-associated arthralgia or arthritis can last months to years, affecting a person’s mobility and requiring life-long treatment. 2 , 5 , 19 , 24 , 33 Yet with no current standard treatment for, creating treatment plans can be complicated, especially due to the vast amounts of research on both natural and pharmaceutical treatments for the chronic symptoms of CHIKV. 1 , 5–7 , 21 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Application of Treatment for Chikungunya Fever

Millsapps¹,

Underwood²,

Barr³

2022

RRTM

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The development and application of treatment for Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) remains complicated as there is no current standard treatment and many barriers to research exist. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes serious global health implications due to its socioeconomic impact and high morbidity rates. In research, treatment through natural and pharmaceutical techniques is being evaluated for their efficacy and effectiveness. Natural treatment options, such as homeopathy and physiotherapy, give patients a variety of options for how to best manage acute and chronic symptoms. Some of the most used pharmaceutical therapies for CHIKV include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), methotrexate (MTX), chloroquine, and ribavirin. Currently, there is no commercially available vaccine for chikungunya, but vaccine development is crucial for this virus. Potential treatments need further research until they can become a standard part of treatment. The barriers to research for this complicated virus create challenges in the efficacy and equitability of its research. The rising need for increased research to fully understand chikungunya in order to develop more effective treatment options is vital in protecting endemic populations globally.

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Overview on Chikungunya Virus Infection: From Epidemiology to State-of-the-Art Experimental Models

Cited by 19 publications

References 276 publications

Dynamic of Mayaro virus transmission betweenAedes aegyptiandCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes and a mice model

Dynamic of Mayaro virus transmission betweenAedes aegyptiandCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes and a mice model

The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis

Development and Application of Treatment for Chikungunya Fever

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