Overview of Urban Transport and the Environment

Nakamura, Hideo; Arimura, Mikiharu; Kobayashi, Yoshikuni

doi:10.1108/9780080470290-001

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Comprehensive and integrated policies that include all transport modes and are suitable for each country's specific needs are required. Mechanisms of urban transport influencing on the environment together with a collection of policy instruments and good practices are recently summarised by CUTE (Comparative study on Urban Transport and the Environment) (Nakamura, Hayashi and May 2004). Most importantly, an Asian EST should reflect the diverse and unique patterns of socio-economic characteristic and transport systems in the region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Transport Sustainability

Hayashi

Doi

Yagishita

et al. 2004

European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research

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The paper describes the possible direction of Asian EST, starting with an overview of recent trends and problems in transport systems within Asia, policy practices are also introduced. It was found that although the current situation and trend of transport in the Asian region presents a diverse picture stemming from geographical differences and levels of economic development, most Asian countries share similar concerns about transport-related problems, namely severe congestion, air and noise pollution,. Common patterns can be identified behind these problems, which include: a)large increases in traffic demand, resulting from rapid economic growth, urbanization, and motorisation, b)poor control of vehicle emissions and the absence of effective inspection and maintenance systems, c)lack of adequate and appropriate infrastructures, and d)poor coordination of transport and land-use policies. In the current situation, insufficient understanding of environmental deterioration mechanisms delay the implementation of necessary policy measures in many Asian countries. Each country should find the best way to achieve EST as fast as possible by learning from others’ experiences. Existing good examples within the region, such as intermediate public transport systems and electric road pricing, can provide a strong foundation for this purpose.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Transport Sustainability

Hayashi

Doi

Yagishita

et al. 2004

European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research

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“…fuel materials (ethanol or methane) from the water-soluble material fraction, pulp from the hollocellulose fraction, and high-functional resin from the methanol-soluble lignin fraction (low-molecularweight lignin). [12][13][14][15][16] Therefore, the metal-concentration data obtained from the metal determination-technique will be applied to effective phytoremediation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The apparatus for the steam explosion (Japan Chemical Engineering and Machinery, Osaka, Japan) consisting of a steam generator, a high-pressure reactor, a receiver, and a condenser with a silencing action. [12][13][14][15][16] The solid and liquid products of the exploded fern were recovered in a cyclone at the bottom of the receiver, and the gaseous products were passed from the top of the receiver into the condenser. Steam explosions were conducted under a steam pressure of 2.55 MPa (225˚C) and steaming times of 3 min.…”

Section: Pretreatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…wood, potato, and bamboo. [13][14][15][16] Furthermore, the steam-exploded product was easily converted into sugars and ethanol by using enzymes and yeast. The steam explosion technique reasonably allows the plant body to be liquefied and separated into plant component polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…methane or ethanol, and functional resin from a hyperaccumulating plant are necessary for cost-effective phytoremediation. 12 On the background, techniques for estimation of the metal concentration in hyperaccumulating plants are required for evaluating the degree of metal accumulation of plants. A steam explosion degrading and removing lignin that covered holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) has been reported as an useful pretreatment for the effective utilization of plant biomass, i.e.…”

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Determination of Cu, Pb, Fe, and Zn in Plant Component Polymers of a Hyperaccumulating Plant

et al. 2005

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Soil contaminated with harmful metals has caused the metal contamination of natural water and drinking water, resulting in negative effects on human society. [1][2][3][4] The treatment of harmful metal-contaminated soil is a major concern of the environmental community.5 Phytoremediation, the use of green plants to clean up metal-contaminated environments, has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly useful metal-extraction technique for treating toxic contaminated soil. [6][7][8][9] This technology has utilized hyperaccumulating plants that absorb harmful metals (Cd, Pb, As, etc.) from contaminated soil, and accumulate in the harvestable above-ground biomass. 10,11 Moreover, the recovery of valuable metals and the production of energy resources, i.e. methane or ethanol, and functional resin from a hyperaccumulating plant are necessary for cost-effective phytoremediation. 12 On the background, techniques for estimation of the metal concentration in hyperaccumulating plants are required for evaluating the degree of metal accumulation of plants. A steam explosion degrading and removing lignin that covered holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) has been reported as an useful pretreatment for the effective utilization of plant biomass, i.e. wood, potato, and bamboo. [13][14][15][16] Furthermore, the steam-exploded product was easily converted into sugars and ethanol by using enzymes and yeast. The steam explosion technique reasonably allows the plant body to be liquefied and separated into plant component polymers.This work improved the determination technique of the metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, and Zn) in plant component polymers of a hyperaccumulating plant, Athyrium yokoscense, by using various methods, i.e. Wayman's extraction method, and the analytical method with ICP emission spectrometry. The Wayman's extraction method liquefied and separated the A. yokoscense fern into four plant component polymers, i.e. the water-soluble material fraction, the holocellulose fraction, the methanol-soluble lignin fraction (low-molecular-weight lignin), and the residual lignin fraction (high-molecular-weight lignin). The metal concentrations in plant component polymers were measured using ICP emission spectrometry for clarifying the distribution of metals in A. yokoscense fern. Experimental Hyperaccumulating plant sampleA fern plant, Athyrium yokoscense, was collected from Ogoya abandoned mine area (Komatsu City, Ishikawa, Japan). The dry plants were separated into the aboveground part (leaves, leaf blade, petiol, and rhizome) and the underground part (roots). Pretreatment methodThe plant samples were hydrolyzed using a steam explosion method. The apparatus for the steam explosion (Japan Chemical Engineering and Machinery, Osaka, Japan) consisting of a steam generator, a high-pressure reactor, a receiver, and a condenser with a silencing action. [12][13][14][15][16] The solid and liquid products of the exploded fern were recovered in a cyclone at the bottom of the receiver, and the gaseous products were passed from the t...

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Acquiring and Geo-Visualizing Aviation Carbon Footprint among Urban Agglomerations in China

Liao

Liu

2019

Sustainability

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This paper had two main purposes. One was to estimate annual total aviation CO2 emissions from/among all key urban agglomerations (UAs) in China and its changes patterns from 2007 to 2014. The second one was to visualize the aviation carbon footprints among the UAs by using a chord diagram plot. This study also used Kaya identity to decompose the contribution of potential driving forces behind the aviation CO2 emissions using Kaya identity. Especially, it decomposed factor CO2/gross domestic product (GDP), which is wildly used in Kaya identity analysis, into factor CO2/value-added (VA) and factor VA/GDP. Here, VA represents the tourism value added of the corresponding flights. The main results were: (1) The UAs developed a much bigger and stronger carbon network among themselves. (2) There was also an expanding of the flows to less densely populated or less developed UAs. However, the regional disparity increased significantly. (3) Compared with the driving factor of population, the GDP per capita impacted the emission amount more significantly. Our contribution had two folds. First, it advances current knowledge by fulfilling the research gap between transport emissions and UA relationship. Second, it provides a new approach to visualizing the aviation carbon footprints as well as the relationships among UAs.

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Overview of Urban Transport and the Environment

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Urban Transport Sustainability

Urban Transport Sustainability

Determination of Cu, Pb, Fe, and Zn in Plant Component Polymers of a Hyperaccumulating Plant

Acquiring and Geo-Visualizing Aviation Carbon Footprint among Urban Agglomerations in China

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