Overview of the Microenvironment of Vasculature in Vascular Tone Regulation

Abstract

Hypertension is asymptomatic and a well-known “silent killer”, which can cause various concomitant diseases in human population after years of adherence. Although there are varieties of synthetic antihypertensive drugs available in current market, their relatively low efficacies and major application in only single drug therapy, as well as the undesired chronic adverse effects associated, has drawn the attention of worldwide scientists. According to the trend of antihypertensive drug evolution, the antihypertensive drugs used as primary treatment often change from time-to-time with the purpose of achieving the targeted blood pressure range. One of the major concerns that need to be accounted for here is that the signaling mechanism pathways involved in the vasculature during the vascular tone regulation should be clearly understood during the pharmacological research of antihypertensive drugs, either in vitro or in vivo. There are plenty of articles that discussed the signaling mechanism pathways mediated in vascular tone in isolated fragments instead of a whole comprehensive image. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize previous published vasculature-related studies and provide an overall depiction of each pathway including endothelium-derived relaxing factors, G-protein-coupled, enzyme-linked, and channel-linked receptors that occurred in the microenvironment of vasculature with a full schematic diagram on the ways their signals interact. Furthermore, the crucial vasodilative receptors that should be included in the mechanisms of actions study on vasodilatory effects of test compounds were suggested in the present review as well.

Deletion of murine slc29a4 modifies vascular responses to adenosine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine in a sexually dimorphic manner

“…Regulation of vascular tone involves a complex interplay of a variety of endogenous relaxant and constricting factors that are released under various physiological and pathophysiological circumstances from platelets, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle (Gheibi, Jeddi, Kashfi, & Ghasemi, 2018;Jackson, 2018;Loh et al, 2018). The ENT4 substrates adenosine and 5-HT are prominent among these endogenous regulators.…”

Moringa oleifera Lam. as a potential plant for alleviation of the metabolic syndrome—A narrative review based on in vivo and clinical studies

“…which could be attributed to the rich phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The endothelium within blood vessels synthesises substances known as endothelium-derived relaxation factors (EDRFs), which include nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, hydrogen sulphide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factors (Loh et al, 2018).…”

“…Comparatively, leaves were found to be more effective in reducing the activities of ACE, AChE, arginase and PDE‐5 which could be attributed to the rich phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The endothelium within blood vessels synthesises substances known as endothelium‐derived relaxation factors (EDRFs), which include nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, hydrogen sulphide and endothelium‐derived hyperpolarising factors (Loh et al, 2018). Aekthammarat et al reported the potency of M. oleifera leaf extract as an endothelium‐dependent vasodilator when evaluated in isolated mesenteric arterial beds from L‐NAME hypertensive rats.…”

Einfluss epigenetischer Modifikationen auf die Regulation des Gefäßtonus

“…48 und eine Gruppe von Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors (EDHF). 50 Bei der endothelunabhängigen Relaxation hingegen binden Signalmoleküle direkt an die glatte Muskulatur und können dort die Vasorelaxation auslösen.…”

“…3.2.4.2 Endothelspezifische Jarid1b-Knockout-Maus zeigte keinen PhänotypDie Endothelzellschicht fungiert als hauptsächlicher Regulator des Gefäßtonus 50. Zur Prüfung der Hypothese, dass der beobachtete Phänotyp des Jarid1b-Knock-Da sich im endothelspezifischen Jarid1b-Knockout keine veränderte Relaxation gezeigt hatte, sollte sich die Ausprägung eines Phänotyps auch bei entferntem Endothel zeigen lassen.…”