Overview of the Liulin type instruments for space radiation measurement and their scientific results

Dachev, Tsvetan; Semkova, Jordanka; Tomov, B.; Matviichuk, Yu.; Dimitrov, Petar; Koleva, R.; Malchev, St.; Bankov, N.; Shurshakov, Vyacheslav; Benghin, V. V.; Yarmanova, E. N.; Ivanova, Оlga А.; Häder, Donat-Peter; Lebert, Michael; Schuster, Martin; Reitz, G.; Horneck, G.; Uchihori, Y.; Kitamura, Hisashi; Ploc, Ondřej; Cubancak, J.; Nikolaev, Igor

doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2015.01.005

Cited by 51 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Because it measures the energy transmitted to Si rather than a tissue equivalent material, the Liulin detector cannot accurately measure the ambient dose equivalent. However, its consistency with models and other radiation measuring devices has been confirmed [ Spurny and Dachev , ; Spurný and Dachev , ; Dachev et al ., ]. The Liulin detector provides meaningful data for the purpose of our experiment, namely, to observe the dose changes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term variation of cosmic radiation measured by aircraft under constant flight conditions

et al. 2015

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The temporal variations in cosmic radiation on aircraft under constant flight conditions were measured by a Liulin detector. Rather than a commercial long-distance aircraft, we used a military reconnaissance aircraft performing a circular flight at a constant altitude over the Korean Peninsula. At 9144 m (30,000 ft), the mean and standard deviation of the radiation dose rate (among 35 measurements) was 2.3 and 0.17 μSv/h, respectively. The experiment yielded two observational results. First, the dose rate changed over a flight time of 5-7 h; second, no strong correlation was revealed between the cosmic rays observed from the ground-based neutron monitor and the radiation doses at aircraft altitude. These observations can provide insight into the short-term variation of cosmic radiation at aviation altitudes. When discarding various negligible factors, it is postulated that the changes in the geomagnetic field and the air density still could affect the variation of cosmic radiation at aircraft altitude. However, various factors are less known about the dependence on the cosmic radiation. Therefore, investigations of possible factors are also warranted at the monitoring points of space weather.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term variation of cosmic radiation measured by aircraft under constant flight conditions

et al. 2015

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“…The first observations of the ORB relativistic electron fluxes in the ISS laboratory module were made in 2001 with a Liulin‐E094 instrument (Dachev et al, ; Reitz et al, ). Later, ORB relativistic electron fluxes were observed with Liulin DES‐type instruments flown on the ISS and LEO satellites (Dachev et al, , ; Dachev, Horneck, et al, ; Dachev, Horneck, et al, ; Dachev, Semkova, et al, ; Dachev, Tomov, et al, ). The ORB daily dose rate was 278 μGy d −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the ISS Radiation Environment Observed during the ESA EXPOSE‐R2 Mission in 2014–2016

et al. 2017

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The radiation risk radiometer‐dosimeter (R3D)‐R2 solid‐state detector performed radiation measurements at the European Space Agency EXPOSE‐R2 platform outside of the Russian “Zvezda” module at the International Space Station (ISS) from 24 October 2014 to 11 January 2016. The ISS orbital parameters were average altitude of 415 km and 51.6° inclination. We developed special software and used experimentally obtained formulas to determine the radiation flux‐to‐dose ratio from the R3DR2 Liulin‐type deposited‐energy spectrometer. We provide for the first time simultaneous, long‐term estimates of radiation dose external to the ISS for four source categories: (i) galactic cosmic ray particles and their secondary products; (ii) protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly region of the inner radiation belt (IRB); (iii) relativistic electrons and/or bremsstrahlung in the outer radiation belt (ORB); and (iv) solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The latter category is new in this study. Additionally, in this study, secondary particles (SP) resulting from energetic particle interaction with the detector and nearby materials are identified. These are observed continuously at high latitudes. The detected SPs are identified using the same sorting requirements as SEP protons. The IRB protons provide the highest consistent hourly dose, while the ORB electrons and SEPs provide the most extreme hourly doses. SEPs were observed 11 times during the study interval. The R3DR2 data support calculation of average equivalent doses. The 30 day and 1 year average equivalent doses are much smaller than the skin and eyes doses recommendations by the National Council on Radiation Protection (Report 132), which provides radiation protection guidance for Low Earth Orbit.

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“…Many radiation measurements have been conducted in the recent past on the ISS using both passive and active detectors (see, for example, Reitz et al 2005;Casolino et al 2006;Dachev et al 2006Dachev et al , 2011Dachev et al , 2015Zhou et al 2008Zhou et al , 2010Nagamatsu et al 2013;Larsson et al 2014). Only a few papers have shown data from the period under study here and have been published recently (Lishnevskii et al 2012;Semkova et al 2013Semkova et al , 2014Berger et al 2015;Smith et al 2015;Dachev et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few papers have shown data from the period under study here and have been published recently (Lishnevskii et al 2012;Semkova et al 2013Semkova et al , 2014Berger et al 2015;Smith et al 2015;Dachev et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation survey in the International Space Station

Narici

Casolino

Fino

et al. 2015

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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The project ALTEA-shield/survey is part of an European Space Agency (ESA) -ILSRA (International Life Science Research Announcement) program and provides a detailed study of the International Space Station (ISS) (USLab and partly Columbus) radiation environment. The experiment spans over 2 years, from September 20, 2010 to September 30, 2012, for a total of about 1.5 years of effective measurements. The ALTEA detector system measures all heavy ions above helium and, to a limited extent, hydrogen and helium (respectively, in 25 Mev-45 MeV and 25 MeV/n-250 MeV/n energy windows) while tracking every individual particle. It measures independently the radiation along the three ISS coordinate axes. The data presented consist of flux, dose, and dose equivalent over the time of investigation, at the different surveyed locations. Data are selected from the different geographic regions (low and high latitudes and South Atlantic Anomaly, SAA). Even with a limited acceptance window for the proton contribution, the flux/dose/dose equivalent results as well as the radiation spectra provide information on how the radiation risks change in the different surveyed sites. The large changes in radiation environment found among the measured sites, due to the different shield/mass distribution, require a detailed Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model to be used together with these measurements for the validation of radiation models in space habitats. Altitude also affects measured radiation, especially in the SAA. In the period of measurements, the altitude (averaged over each minute) ranged from 339 km to 447 km. Measurements show the significant shielding effect of the ISS truss, responsible for a consistent amount of reduction in dose equivalent (and so in radiation quality). Measured Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) dose rates at high latitude range from 0.354 ± 0.002 nGy/s to 0.770 ± 0.006 nGy/s while dose equivalent from 1.21 ± 0.04 nSv/s to 6.05 ± 0.09 nSv/s. The radiation variation over the SAA is studied. Even with the reduced proton sensitivity, the high day-by-day variability, as well as the strong altitude dependence is clearly observed. The ability of filtering out this contribution from the data is presented as a tool to construct a radiation data set well mimicking deep space radiation, useful for model validations and improvements.

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Overview of the Liulin type instruments for space radiation measurement and their scientific results

Cited by 51 publications

References 67 publications

Short‐term variation of cosmic radiation measured by aircraft under constant flight conditions

Short‐term variation of cosmic radiation measured by aircraft under constant flight conditions

Overview of the ISS Radiation Environment Observed during the ESA EXPOSE‐R2 Mission in 2014–2016

Radiation survey in the International Space Station

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