Overview of the fracture healing cascade

Cimento de aluminato de cálcio: uso em defeitos ósseos induzidos em fêmur de coelhos

“…A presença do infiltrado inflamatório durante mais tempo ao redor dos defeitos preenchidos com o cimento de aluminato de cálcio pode ser explicada pela tentativa de reparo do hospedeiro, visto que a inflamação é uma das etapas da consolidação óssea (Phillips, 2005;Sojo et al, 2005). Ademais, a já citada baixa porosidade também pode ter dificultado esse processo.…”

Determining the Role of Sost and Sostdc1 During Fracture Healing

“…There are two types of fracture repair, intramembranous, where mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts to form bone, and endochondral, where a cartilage template is formed prior to bone formation [5][6][7]. Once a bone fracture occurs, there are specific stages that occur during the healing and repair process.…”

“…First, a hematoma forms where the body's immune responses localize to the site of injury and form a blot clot. Granulocytes and monocytes, followed later by lymphocytes localize to the site of injury to target foreign pathogens to clean-up the damage, begin repair, and release cytokines to recruit stem cells from the periosteum, bone marrow, and surrounding tissue to the site of injury [5][6][7].…”

“…During intramembranous bone formation, similar events occur. However recruited osteochondral progenitor cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts and woven bone is formed immediately instead of forming a cartilage template [5][6][7]. The final stage of healing, remodeling, occurs when woven bone is replaced with organized and structurally stable bone, thus replacing the initial broken cortical bone.…”

The relation between Botulinum toxin‐A and fracture healing. Comment on Hao et al.: Short‐term muscle atrophy caused by Botulinum toxin‐A local injection impairs fracture healing in the rat femur

“…Fracture healing occurs as a result of complex cellular and biochemical processes in which the periosteum, surrounding soft tissues, and medulla play an active role in addition to bony tissue. [2][3][4] Hao et al 1 aimed to investigate whether local muscle atrophy and dysfunction affect fracture healing in a rat femur fracture model by using Botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A). They concluded that; biomechanical testing indicated that the femurs of the BTX-A-treated side exhibited inferior mechanical properties compared with the control side.…”