Overview of the effect of rumen-protected limiting amino acids (methionine and lysine) and choline on the immunity, antioxidative, and inflammatory status of periparturient ruminants

Abstract

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a well-known phenomenon experienced by ruminants, especially during the transition from late gestation to successful lactation. This overproduction of ROS may lead to oxidative stress (OS), which compromises the immune and anti-inflammatory systems of animals, thus predisposing them to health issues. Besides, during the periparturient period, metabolic stress is developed due to a negative energy balance, which is followed by excessive fat mobilization and poor production performance. Excessive lipolysis causes immune suppression, abnormal regulation of inflammation, and enhanced oxidative stress. Indeed, OS plays a key role in regulating the metabolic activity of various organs and the productivity of farm animals. For example, rapid fetal growth and the production of large amounts of colostrum and milk, as well as an increase in both maternal and fetal metabolism, result in increased ROS production and an increased need for micronutrients, including antioxidants, during the last trimester of pregnancy and at the start of lactation. Oxidative stress is generally neutralized by the natural antioxidant system in the body. However, in some special phases, such as the periparturient period, the animal’s natural antioxidant system is unable to cope with the situation. The effect of rumen-protected limiting amino acids and choline on the regulation of immunity, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory status and milk production performance, has been widely studied in ruminants. Thus, in the current review, we gathered and interpreted the data on this topic, especially during the perinatal and lactational stages.

Using sulfur stable isotope ratios (δ34S) for animal geolocation: Estimating the delay mechanisms between diet ingestion and isotope incorporation in tail hair

“…it is synthesised from other amino acids) 40 . For ruminants, methionine might not be an entirely nutritionally indispensable amino acid because rumen microbes can synthesise methionine 41 . However, supplementing ruminants' diet with the S‐containing diet has proven to improve the metabolism of amino acids 42 .…”

Production of 17 strains of edible mushroom grown on corn stover and its effect on the chemical composition and ruminal in vitro digestibility of the residual substrate

“…In addition, despite the fact that amino acids are primarily used as protein building blocks, they are also involved in a large number of metabolic functions [ 32 ]; thus, not only will they alter the productive parameters of animals, but they can also affect their health processes. In this regard, Khan [ 50 ] reported that the addition of Lys and Met to the diet of dairy cattle, particularly during the peripartum period, increases the antioxidant capacity, resulting in the regulation of immunity and anti-inflammatory status in animals.…”

Transcriptome revealed the role of autophagy in nitrite oxidative stress of Penaeus vannamei

“…5A, Table S8). Amino acids play crucial roles in combating oxidative stress (Khan, et al 2023). The up-regulation of the biosynthesis of amino acids pathway suggests an increased demand for these essential building blocks for protein synthesis and various metabolic processes.…”