Overview of the biological and clinical aspects of organophosphates and carbamates

Ballantyne, Bryan; Marrs, Timothy C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-0271-6.50007-3

Cited by 98 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These studies suggest that doses which are not maternally toxic (symptoms appeared but no death occurred) were unable to produce fetotoxicity or teratogenicity. The results postulated that fetotoxic/teratogenic effects of chlorpyrifos were not attributed to maternal toxicity, which is in contrast to other published reports (Machin and Bride, 1984;Ballantyne and Marrs, 1992). Chlorpyrifos exposure to pregnant animals has been reported to migrate transplacentally, thereby causing neurotoxic symptoms during fetal development (Barone et al, 2000;Pope ,1999;Slotkin,2000).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Transplacental Disposition and Teratogenic Effects of Chlorpyrifos in Rats

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

-Rats were orally fed with different doses viz. 9.6, 12 and 15mg/kg/d from GD 0-20 and examined for evidence of fetotoxicity and teratogenecity to evaluate the potential effects of technical chlorpyrifos (97%). Fetotoxic effects were not observed at tested dose levels as evidenced by number of implantations, number of corpora lutea and live fetuses/dam, but significant alterations were noted in percent δ resorption and fetal weight. There were no major malformations, but some minor anomalies such as reduced parietal ossification and absence of phalanges found significant in high dose were not considered as compound-related effects. On the other hand the accumulation of chlorpyrifos residue in dams was more in brain (0.0328 μg/g) than in liver (0.0071 μg/g).The level of residue in fetuses was in the following order : liver (0.0531 μg/g) > brain (0.0364 μg/g) >placenta (0.040 μg/g) > amniotic fluid (0.0010 μg/g). Although, the total residue was higher in fetuses (0.0447 μg/g) than in dams (0.0120 μg/g), the absence of abnormalities in fetal gross morphology, visceral and skeleton suggest that technical chlorpyrifos at tested dose levels is non-teratogenic in rats.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Transplacental Disposition and Teratogenic Effects of Chlorpyrifos in Rats

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the immediate cause of death could also be cardiac arrest or heart failure, central respiratory failure due to loss of respiratory drive is by far the most frequent cause of death after intoxication with OPCs. 5 …”

Section: Critical Toxic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently more than 100 different OPCs are used mainly as insecticides in agriculture and gardening. [5][6][7] Toxicological Relevance In industrialized countries, severe intoxication of OPCs generally results from oral intake, whereas inhalation or dermal absorption does not play a major role. In developing countries, the most common cause of pesticide poisonings is due to occupational exposure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unequal Efficacy of Pyridinium Oximes in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning

Antonijević¹,

Stojiljković²

2007

Clinical Medicine & Research

214

159

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are among the most toxic substances known to man (Dacre, 1984;Taylor, 2001;Ballantyne and Marrs, 1992). Originally developed as insecticides for agricultural pest control (Jansen, 2000), their extreme toxicity toward higher vertebrates quickly led to their adoption as potential weapons of mass destruction, i.e., chemical warfare nerve agents or CWNAs (Szinicz, 2005;Holstege et al, 1997;Loder, 2000;Ede, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and median effective doses of oxime therapies against percutaneous organophosphorus pesticide and nerve agent challenges in the Hartley guinea pig

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

-Anticholinesterases, such as organophosphorus pesticides and warfare nerve agents, present a significant health threat. Onset of symptoms after exposure can be rapid, requiring quick-acting, efficacious therapy to mitigate the effects. The goal of the current study was to identify the safest antidote with the highest therapeutic index (TI = oxime 24-hr LD 50 /oxime ED 50 ) from a panel of four oximes deemed most efficacious in a previous study. The oximes tested were pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl), MMB4 DMS, HLö-7 DMS, and obidoxime Cl 2 . The 24-hr median lethal dose (LD 50 ) for the four by intramuscular (IM) injection and the median effective dose (ED 50 ) were determined. In the ED 50 study, male guinea pigs clipped of hair received 2x LD 50 topical challenges of undiluted Russian VX (VR), VX, or phorate oxon (PHO) and, at the onset of cholinergic signs, IM therapy of atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and varying levels of oxime. Survival was assessed at 3 hr after onset clinical signs. The 3-hr 90th percentile dose (ED 90 ) for each oxime was compared to the guinea pig pre-hospital human-equivalent dose of 2-PAM Cl, 149 μmol/kg. The TI was calculated for each OP/oxime combination. Against VR, MMB4 DMS had a higher TI than HLö-7 DMS, whereas 2-PAM Cl and obidoxime Cl 2 were ineffective. Against VX, MMB4 DMS > HLö-7 DMS > 2-PAM Cl > obidoxime Cl 2 . Against PHO, all performed better than 2-PAM Cl. MMB4 DMS was the most effective oxime as it was the only oxime with ED 90 < 149 μmol/kg against all three topical OPs tested.

show abstract

Overview of the biological and clinical aspects of organophosphates and carbamates

Cited by 98 publications

References 35 publications

Transplacental Disposition and Teratogenic Effects of Chlorpyrifos in Rats

Transplacental Disposition and Teratogenic Effects of Chlorpyrifos in Rats

Unequal Efficacy of Pyridinium Oximes in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning

Toxicity and median effective doses of oxime therapies against percutaneous organophosphorus pesticide and nerve agent challenges in the Hartley guinea pig

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About