Overview of the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake and Proposals for Earthquake Mitigation Measures

Kitagawa, Yoshikazu; Hiraishi, Hisahiro

doi:10.5610/jaee.4.3_1

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Breaks at oxy-acetylene girth welds and flange leaks at sections of aboveground piping were reported in the 1994 Northridge earthquake (Stewart and Ashford, 1994). Other notable earthquakes that caused damages to pipelines include the 1906 San Francisco (Eidinger et al, 2006), 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kitagawa and Hiraishi, 2004), 1999 Izmit (Tang, 2000), 2007 Pisco (Tang and Johnsson, 2010), and 2019 Ridgecrest (Brandenberg et al, 2019). Moreover, numerous field and laboratory tests have been conducted to investigate the pipeline response to fault rupture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive numerical analyses of the seismic performance of natural gas pipelines crossing earthquake faults

Zhang¹,

Ayello²,

Honegger

et al. 2022

Earthquake Spectra

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Coseismic fault displacement has been recognized as a critical hazard to natural gas transmission pipelines crossing earthquake faults. Prior studies on pipeline response to fault displacement were limited to specific types of pipes and faults, which were indeed constrained by the computational resources. As part of an effort to develop a Bayesian model to relate ground displacement in pipeline strain, we analyze more than 217,000 finite element models of gas pipeline fault crossings, which consider the pipe–soil interactions with both pipe and soil material nonlinearities. Such an enormous number of simulations are selected based on comprehensive sensitivity analyses and cover the most important parameters of gas pipelines in terms of combinations of the following: (1) pipe dimensions and materials, (2) soil properties, and (3) style of faulting and characteristics of fault movements. We devise an automated workflow for input generation–simulation submission–output extraction, by utilizing more than 10,000 cores high-performance super-computing facilities. Finally, we examine the pipeline response for every combination, by investigating the evolution of maximum compressive and tensile strains in the axial direction along the pipe over the fault displacement. These numerical analyses resulted in a comprehensive database of pipeline fragilities crossing earthquake fault for seismic risk analysis of natural gas infrastructure in an earthquake region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive numerical analyses of the seismic performance of natural gas pipelines crossing earthquake faults

Zhang¹,

Ayello²,

Honegger

et al. 2022

Earthquake Spectra

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“…Those earthquake-induced liquefaction events also trigger the geotechnical engineers in conducting studies and research specifically in liquefaction. The more recent notable earthquake-induced liquefaction is the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995 (Kitagawa and Hiraishi, 2004), the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in 2010-2011 (Cubrinovski et al, 2010); (Yamada et al, 2011), the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (Towhata et al, 2014), and Palu earthquake in 2018 (Kiyota et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Modelling of Earthquake-induced Liquefaction on Uniform Soil Deposit and Settlement of Earth Structures

Pramaditya

Fathani

2020

Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum

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Earthquake-induced liquefaction has been known as a complex and challenging topic in the field of geotechnical engineering. The phenomenon could bring catastrophic damage as has been seen from the past with severe damage seen on the ground and various structures such as buildings, earth structures, and lifelines. The occurrence of liquefaction is caused by the loss of strength and stiffness of the cohesionless saturated soils due to the rapid dynamic loads from the earthquake. The loss of strength and stiffness of the soil could lead to the failure of the foundation ground and structures placed above it. In order to analyze and observed the earthquake-induced liquefaction phenomena, physical modelling subjected to geotechnical centrifuge was conducted in this study. Embankment lies on liquefiable foundation ground was modelled by the means of physical modelling and subjected to the earthquake motion of The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake retrieved from K-Net Mito stations. Geotechnical centrifuge test with 50 g of centrifugal acceleration was conducted in order to create the actual fields conditions. The behaviour of the model was observed using sensors for acceleration, pore pressure, and displacement. The study aims to understand the liquefaction phenomena, mechanism and consequences through physical modelling and laboratory testing. The test shows that the liquefaction-induced damages to the foundation ground and the embankment as shown from the visual assessment and data obtained from the test. Liquefaction manifestation could be seen from the rapid development of excess pore water pressure on the foundation ground, lateral spreading, and settlement and deformation of the embankment.

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“…One or all of these effects have been shown to be a cause of significant damage in previous earthquakes -namely at Kobe in 1995 [2], Seattle in 2001 [3], and at the Santa Monica Basin in the 1994 Northridge earthquake [4]. Damage in Kobe was primarily to long-period timber houses and reinforced concrete frame buildings in the 3-5 storey range, with wall buildings performing significantly better [5]. Damage in the Santa Monica region was to steel moment frame buildings [6] and poorly detailed reinforced concrete buildings, particularly frame and tilt-panel construction, with shear wall buildings again typically performing better [7].…”

Section: Introduction Wellington Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Basin edge effects and damping

Ballagh¹,

Cattanach²

2019

BNZSEE

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The Kaikōura earthquake brought the concept of basin effects to the forefront of conversation about building in the Wellington CBD. Local exceedances of ULS design spectra were observed in many waterfront sites in the 1.5-2.5s period range. This, coupled with low yield levels and certain structural forms present in previous generations of building design, meant that significant damage occurred in many buildings around the Wellington waterfront.A primary cause for the high spectral accelerations was the geological structure of the Wellington CBD. This paper will focus on the behaviour of generic buildings in response to these particular ground motions and suggest how lessons from this can inform the design of future buildings. It uses the Kaikōura Earthquake as the centre point for discussions about the relationship between building behaviour on soft soils and the effects on this of different forms of damping. More broadly, the aim is to help spark debate in the earthquake engineering community on the question: What sorts of structures should we be building on soft soil sites?This paper has been written in the wake of a number of damaging earthquakes throughout New Zealand, and with the concurrent increase in sophistication and spread of tools for analysing the effects of the ground motions induced by these earthquakes. The genesis of the ideas presented herein was in analysis of many waterfront buildings following the Kaikoura earthquake, and the attempts, often in vain, to match modelled building behaviour-where small tweaks in assumptions could have a radical effect on results-with actual observed damagewhere cracks may have been seen in concrete or in partitions, but assessment of actual plastic strains reached in steel bars or beams was basically conjecture. This paper is broad in scope, therefore cannot possibly give each aspect the coverage of a series of papers which consider them in isolation and in detail. We nonetheless strongly believe that a holistic view of all topics is critical for design, and that the authors as 'front line' structural engineers are well positioned to present this. Sincere attempts have been made to justify our point of view with a strong basis in first principles, and backed by nonlinear time history analysis, or by reference to the work of others. We acknowledge that our beliefs are not shared by everyone and that some conclusions are provocative. It is neither the intent nor even the hope that we have the last word on this topic.

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Overview of the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake and Proposals for Earthquake Mitigation Measures

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Comprehensive numerical analyses of the seismic performance of natural gas pipelines crossing earthquake faults

Comprehensive numerical analyses of the seismic performance of natural gas pipelines crossing earthquake faults

Physical Modelling of Earthquake-induced Liquefaction on Uniform Soil Deposit and Settlement of Earth Structures

Basin edge effects and damping

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