Overview of Shrimp Farming and Mangrove Loss in Thailand

Aksornkoae, Sanit; Tokrisna, Ruangrai

doi:10.4337/9781843769668.00009

Cited by 34 publications

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“…According to Aksornkoae & Tokrishna (2003) mangrove forest cover in all of Thailand more than halved between 1961-1997 from 367'900 ha to 167'582 ha; other figures by FAO (2003) suggest, however, that possibly some 240'000 ha are still remaining. Losses of 61'268 ha of mangroves along the Andaman coastline were by 42.5% below the total national level (Aksornkoae & Tokrishna 2003). While there are many reasons for the destruction of mangrove forests, e.g.…”

Section: Mangrove Swampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…population pressure, coastal development, mining, conversion to salt ponds and agriculture, the most important single factor in recent years, has been the expansion of aquaculture. Shrimp farming may account for 32.7% of total mangrove losses with a major expansion from 31'906 ha to 66'997 ha between 1983 and 1996 (Aksornkoae & Tokrishna 2003, Barbier & Cox 2002. Other estimates range from 21-64% contribution to destruction (Dierberg & Kiattisimkul 1996).…”

Section: Mangrove Swampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other estimates range from 21-64% contribution to destruction (Dierberg & Kiattisimkul 1996). On the Andaman coastline, shrimp farm expansion accounted for only 8.4% according to Aksornkoae & Tokrishna (2003); the most pristine forests could still be found in Ranong and Phang-nga Provinces, i.e. the areas most affected by the tsunami.…”

Section: Mangrove Swampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: Coastal Ecosystem Services, Damages and Resilience

Cochard¹

2011

The Tsunami Threat - Research and Technology

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Section: Mangrove Swampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mangrove Swampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: Coastal Ecosystem Services, Damages and Resilience

Cochard¹

2011

The Tsunami Threat - Research and Technology

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“…Since 1961 Thailand has lost from 1500 to 2000 km 2 of coastal mangroves, or about 50-60% of the original area (Wilkie and Fortuna 2003). Over 1975-1996, 50-65% of Thailand's mangroves was lost to shrimp farm conversion alone (Aksornkoae and Tokrisna 2004).…”

Section: Case Study: Mangrove Land Use Thailandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wetlands as natural assets

Barbier

2011

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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As the services of wetlands are uniquely related to hydrological processes, they result in a wide range of benefits to humankind. Although this facilitates the characterization of wetlands as natural assets, there are measurement problems. Because wetland services are nearly always non-marketed, they need to be explicitly valued to determine the trade-offs between development and conservation of wetlands. Two case studies, a floodplain in northern Nigeria and mangroves in southern Thailand, illustrate the issues involved. In the case of Nigeria, the natural capital is the river floodplain, and the trade-off is the upstream water diversion compared to the downstream flooding benefits to farming, fishery and forestry, as well as groundwater recharge. In the case of Thailand, the natural capital is the mangrove system, and the trade-off is the conversion to shrimp farms, as opposed to the mangrove benefits of locally harvested products, habitat-fishery linkages and storm protection.Key words economic valuation; ecosystem services; floodplain; mangrove; hydrological services; natural asset; Nigeria; Thailand; wetlands Les zones humides en tant que biens naturelsRésumé Bien que les services des zones humides soient particulièrement associés aux processus hydrologiques, ils produisent toute une gamme de bénéfices pour l'humanité. Si cela facilite la caractérisation des zones humides en tant que biens naturels, il y a cependant des problèmes de mesure. Parce que les services rendus par les zones humides ne sont presque jamais sur des marchés, ils doivent être évalués de façon explicite pour déterminer le compromis entre le développement et la conservation des zones humides. Deux études de cas, une zone inondable au nord du Nigéria et des mangroves au sud de la Thaïlande, illustrent les problèmes rencontrés. Dans le cas du Nigéria, le bien naturel est la zone inondable et le compromis est le détournement d'eau en amont comparé aux bénéfices, apportés par les inondations en aval, pour l'agriculture, la pisciculture et l'exploitation forestière, ainsi que la recharge des nappes. Dans le cas de la Thaïlande, le bien naturel est le système de mangroves et le compromis est la conversion à l'élevage de crevettes opposé aux bénéfices venant des mangroves : récoltes locales de produits, liens entre habitat et pisciculture et protection contres les tempêtes.

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“…Between 1961 and1996, Thailand lost around 20,500 km 2 of mangrove forests, or about 56% of the original area, mainly because of shrimp aquaculture and other coastal developments (Charuppat and Charuppat, 1997). Estimates of the amount of mangrove conversion caused by shrimp farming vary, but recent studies suggest that up to 65% of Thailand's mangroves have been lost to shrimp farm conversion since 1975 (Dierberg and Kiattisimkul, 1996;Charuppat and Charuppat, 1997;Aksornkoae and Tokrisna, 2004). The rate of mangrove deforestation slowed in the 1990s, but in the mid-1990s the annual loss was estimated to be around 3000 ha/year (Sathirathai, 1998).…”

Section: Introduction: Shrimp Farm Expansion and Mangrove Loss In Thamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mangrove dependency and the livelihoods of coastal communities in Thailand.

Barbier¹

2006

Environment and Livelihoods in Tropical Coastal Zones: Managing Agriculture-Fishery-Aquaculture Conflicts

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From 1961 to 1996, Thailand lost 50-60% of its mangrove forests, mainly because of conversion to shrimp aquaculture. The speed and scale of deforestation have affected many coastal communities. This chapter highlights the importance of mangroves to four case study villages. Households depend directly on mangrove forests for fish and wood collection and/or benefit indirectly from the mangroves' support to coastal fisheries. Mangrove loss therefore affects the decision of households to look for outside employment. In response to deforestation, female household members allocate more hours to employment relative to mangrove-dependent activities, whereas males allocate fewer hours to outside work. Awareness of community conservation efforts and of the environmental damage imposed by shrimp farms also motivates households to participate in replanting activities. Efforts to control mangrove deforestation and promote community-based management of remaining mangrove forests, as well as replanting, would help to mitigate some of the worst impacts on coastal villages. By developing institutions to support local community management, the government of Thailand could help avoid excessive mangrove deforestation and conflicts over uses. Such a framework could also provide important lessons in coastal resource management for other countries in South-east Asia and elsewhere.

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Overview of Shrimp Farming and Mangrove Loss in Thailand

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: Coastal Ecosystem Services, Damages and Resilience

The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: Coastal Ecosystem Services, Damages and Resilience

Wetlands as natural assets

Mangrove dependency and the livelihoods of coastal communities in Thailand.

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