Overview of Rift Valley Fever

Abstract

Emerging viral diseases pose significant threats to global health and economies, exemplified by recent epidemics of Ebola and Zika viruses. Rift Valley Fever (RVF), caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting domestic ruminants and camels. Originating i n Kenya in 1931, RVF has a broad geographic distribution, with endemicity in sub -Saharan Africa and occasional outbreaks in the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. The virus is transmitted through mosquitoes, with zoonotic transmission occurring through direct contact with infected animals or their products. Mosquito control, hygiene practices, and personal protective measures are crucial for mitigating zoonotic transmission risks. RVF outbreaks coincide with heavy rainfall and flooding, impacting livestock, trade, and human health. Risk factors include mosquito exposure, direct contact with infected animals, handling infected tissues, and consuming contaminated animal products. The pathogenesis involves entry, replication, systemic spread, immune response, hepati c involvement, hemorrhagic manifestations, neurological complications, and fetal complications in pregnant women. Clinical manifestations range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe hemorrhagic fever and neurological complications. Diagnosis involves serological and molecular tests, with vaccination, vector control, and surveillance essential for prevention and control. Future research priorities include vaccine development, enhanced surveillance, innovations in vector control, climate change impact studies, and antiviral therapies. Collaborative efforts, incorporating the One Health approach, are critical to addressing RVF challenges comprehensively. Continued investment in research and development is essential for advancing knowledge, improving prevention strategies, and minimizing the socioeconomic consequences of RVF outbreaks, safeguarding public health and animal populations.