Overview of research on additive manufacturing of hydrogel-assisted lab-on-chip platforms for cell engineering applications in photodynamic therapy research

Abstract

Lab-on-chips supported by hydrogel matrices are excellent solutions for cell culture; thus, this literature review presents examples of scientific research in this area. Several works are presenting the properties of biocompatible hydrogels that mimic the cellular environment published recently. Hydrogels can also be treated as cell transporters or as a structural component of microfluidic devices. The rapidly growing scientific sector of hydrogel additive manufacturing is also described herein, with attention paid to the appropriate mechanical and biological properties of the inks used to extrude the material, specifically for biomedical purposes. The paper focuses on protocols employed for additive manufacturing, e.g., 3D printing parameters, calibration, ink preparation, crosslinking processes, etc. The authors also mention potential problems concerning manufacturing processes and offer example solutions. As the novel trend for hydrogels enriched with several biocompatible additives has recently risen, the article presents examples of the use of high-quality carbon nanotubes in hydrogel research enhancing biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and cell viability. Moving forward, the article points out the high applicability of the hydrogel-assisted microfluidic platforms used for cancer research, especially for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This innovative treatment strategy can be investigated directly on the chip, which was first proposed by Jędrych E. et al. in 2011. Summarizing, this literature review highlights recent developments in the additive manufacturing of microfluidic devices supported by hydrogels, toward reliable cell culture experiments with a view to PDT research. This paper gathers the current knowledge in these intriguing and fast-growing research paths. Graphical abstract