Overview of Normal Sleep

Chokroverty, Sudhansu

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_2

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…Sleep is cyclical in nature, alternating between 4 and 6 repeated cycles of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, with each cycle lasting approximately 90-120 120 minutes (11)(12)(13). Human sleep patterns have some predictable characteristics.…”

Section: A Brief Overview Of Human Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nocturnal rise in cortisol is thought be in response to the greater energy demands of the brain as the night ends (23)(24)(25)(26). The daily rhythm of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) occur in close parallel with the daily rhythm of cortisol, all highest in the morning and reaching a nadir during around midnight (12,25,27). In contrast, melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland and synchronized to light from retinal input and growth hormone (GH) concentrations and are highest during early sleep, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between the HPA and hypothalamo-pituitary-somatotrophic (HPS) systems (21).…”

Section: Circadian Rhythmicity -Control Of Hormone Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep, Cognition and Cortisol in Addison’s Disease: A Mechanistic Relationship

2021

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Sleep is a critical biological process, essential for cognitive well-being. Neuroscientific literature suggests there are mechanistic relations between sleep disruption and memory deficits, and that varying concentrations of cortisol may play an important role in mediating those relations. Patients with Addison’s disease (AD) experience consistent and predictable periods of sub- and supra-physiological cortisol concentrations due to lifelong glucocorticoid replacement therapy, and they frequently report disrupted sleep and impaired memory. These disruptions and impairments may be related to the failure of replacement regimens to restore a normal circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion. Available data provides support for existing theoretical frameworks which postulate that in AD and other neuroendocrine, neurological, or psychiatric disorders, disrupted sleep is an important biological mechanism that underlies, at least partially, the memory impairments that patients frequently report experiencing. Given the literature linking sleep disruption and cognitive impairment in AD, future initiatives should aim to improve patients’ cognitive performance (and, indeed, their overall quality of life) by prioritizing and optimizing sleep. This review summarizes the literature on sleep and cognition in AD, and the role that cortisol concentrations play in the relationship between the two.

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Section: A Brief Overview Of Human Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Circadian Rhythmicity -Control Of Hormone Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep, Cognition and Cortisol in Addison’s Disease: A Mechanistic Relationship

2021

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“…Sleep is one of the most widespread biological processes, occupying one-third of our life [1]. Using tracing by electroencephalography (EEG) during sleep, it has been observed that a healthy individual will experience rapid eye movement (REM, R) and no-REM (NREM) sleep, with occasional transitions to wakefulness (WAKE, W) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overall Population Generalities, Sex Differences, and Individual Differences in Sleep Electroencephalography Functional Connectivity

et al. 2019

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Sleep is indispensable for humans to maintain normal life activities. Sex and individual differences in sleep patterns and quality of sleep cannot be ignored. Nevertheless, the overall population generalities and sex-or individual-differences in cerebral cortical functional connectivity (FC) during sleep have not been well described. Here, we evaluated the characteristic patterns of FC based on whole-night sleep electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. An improved weighted phase lag index (WPLI) algorithm was applied to obtain the FC in delta (0.5-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha (8-12Hz) and beta band (12-32Hz). FC strength, short-term stability and inter-regional imbalance of FC were studied. We found that the variations in FC-related parameters among sleep stages had overall population commonalities, and these parameters also showed stage-and frequency band-dependent sex differences. With the deepening of norapid eye movement (NREM), increased delta and beta FC strength were observed. Rapid eye movement (REM) showed weaker FC strength, higher FC stability, and higher anterior-posterior FC anisotropy than NREM in beta band. Meanwhile, females exhibited higher sleep EEG synchronization and higher delta FC stability in deep NREM sleep than males. Moreover, the dominant hemisphere in terms of FC did not show group generality or stage-and frequency-dependence. Our results add to the understanding of sleep staging function and may provide clues to sex differences in sleep patterns and quality as well as the prevalence and clinical manifestations of sleep-related illness. Short-term stability offers a new perspective in analyzing FC, which cannot be ignored.INDEX TERMS Overall population generalities, sex differences, sleep stages, sleep EEG, functional connectivity.

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“…The physiological criteria are based on the changes in the electroencephalography, electromyography, and electrooculography. [1] The function of sleep is an area which is still being explored. Research on sleep deprivation has shown impaired performance consequent of which is 'decreased motivation' and frequent 'micro-sleeps'.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is impairment of attention, concentration, vigilance, and memory. [1] Prolonged sleep deprivation may lead to increased sympathetic compared to parasympathetic tone, resulting in decreased cell responsiveness, which results in impaired glucose tolerance and negative effects on cardiac function, regulation of blood pressure, and kidney function. [2] The restorative function of sleep also includes removal of a neurotoxic product which accumulates in the central nervous system when one is awake.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep Quality and Daytime Sleepiness among the Clinicians Working in a Tertiary Care Center in Sikkim, India

Dey¹,

Dutta²,

Bhandari³

2020

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

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Background: Doctors in India have increased workload and are at risk for poor sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness which have not been explored much. Methods: One hundred doctors selected by convenience sampling from different departments of the hospital were assessed cross-sectionally. Physical parameters which were assessed included height, weight, blood pressure, and diabetes status. Other variables assessed included durations of duty hours and social media usage. Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were assessed with the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), respectively. Results: Mean age of the participants was 35.3 years with a SD of 6.21. In all, 42% were female. The overall prevalence of poor quality of sleep was 28.3%. Among the participants, junior and senior residents were the most affected; 45% of the junior residents were having a poor quality of sleep. Daytime sleepiness was significantly more common among the junior residents as compared with doctors of other designations (P =0.02). The mean duration of duty hours was highest for the junior residents. Male participants were more likely to be obese and to have systemic hypertension. No significant difference was found for social media usage among different designations or gender. Conclusion: Poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness are highly prevalent among the doctors, especially those who are lower in the hierarchy. Interventions for physical and psychological morbidity among the doctors and strict implementation of guidelines governing duty hours and call schedule of junior physicians are recommended.

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Overview of Normal Sleep

Cited by 20 publications

References 183 publications

Sleep, Cognition and Cortisol in Addison’s Disease: A Mechanistic Relationship

Sleep, Cognition and Cortisol in Addison’s Disease: A Mechanistic Relationship

Overall Population Generalities, Sex Differences, and Individual Differences in Sleep Electroencephalography Functional Connectivity

Sleep Quality and Daytime Sleepiness among the Clinicians Working in a Tertiary Care Center in Sikkim, India

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