Overview of Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs

Rissardo, Jamir Pitton; Vora, Nilofar; Mathew, Bejoi; Kashyap, Vikas; Muhammad, Sara; Fornari Caprara, Ana Letícia

doi:10.3390/clinpract13040087

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Secondly, these two movement disorders have different phenomenology. Dyskinesia occurs throughout the movement, and asterixis is posture related [ 24 ].…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Flapping Tremor: Unraveling Asterixis—A Narrative Review

Rissardo,

Muhammad,

Yatakarla

et al. 2024

Medicina

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Asterixis is a subtype of negative myoclonus characterized by brief, arrhythmic lapses of sustained posture due to involuntary pauses in muscle contraction. We performed a narrative review to characterize further asterixis regarding nomenclature, historical aspects, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Asterixis has been classically used as a synonym for negative myoclonus across the literature and in previous articles. However, it is important to distinguish asterixis from other subtypes of negative myoclonus, for example, epileptic negative myoclonus, because management could change. Asterixis is not specific to any pathophysiological process, but it is more commonly reported in hepatic encephalopathy, renal and respiratory failure, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as associated with drugs that could potentially lead to hyperammonemia, such as valproic acid, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. Asterixis is usually asymptomatic and not spontaneously reported by patients. This highlights the importance of actively searching for this sign in the physical exam of encephalopathic patients because it could indicate an underlying toxic or metabolic cause. Asterixis is usually reversible upon treatment of the underlying cause.

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“…Secondly, these two movement disorders have different phenomenology. Dyskinesia occurs throughout the movement, and asterixis is posture related [ 24 ].…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Flapping Tremor: Unraveling Asterixis—A Narrative Review

Rissardo,

Muhammad,

Yatakarla

et al. 2024

Medicina

Self Cite

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“…An important differential diagnosis of primary movement disorder is drug-induced movement disorder because it can significantly impair the quality of life of some individuals. They are challenging to diagnose because they overlap considerably with neuropsychiatric conditions [105]. Also, some specific types of auras were associated with painful sensations and abnormal movements following patterns [106].…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Understanding and Managing Movement Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

R. Santos

2024

Preprint

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Movement disorders encompass a diverse group of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal voluntary or involuntary movements. These disorders can be classified broadly into hyperkinetic and hypokinetic disorders. Excessive, involuntary movements, including tremors, dystonia, chorea, and myoclonus characterize hyperkinetic disorders. Tremors are rhythmic, involuntary movements occurring at rest or during movement. Dystonia involves sustained muscle contractions, leading to twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Chorea manifests as brief, irregular, involuntary movements that flow from one body part to another. Myoclonus consists of sudden, brief muscle contractions, either spontaneous or in response to a stimulus. Hypokinetic disorders are characterized by a lack of movement or difficulty initiating movement, as seen in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement, causing tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Parkinsonism refers to a group of disorders with similar symptoms to Parkinson's disease but with different underlying causes. Diagnosing movement disorders involves a thorough clinical evaluation, including a detailed medical history and physical examination. Neuroimaging studies such as MRI, CT scans, and functional imaging techniques may be used to assess brain structure and function. Additionally, laboratory tests, including genetic testing and biochemical markers, can help diagnose certain movement disorders.

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“…These symptoms typically progress slowly over the years, with asymmetric involvement early in the disease course. In contrast, some drug-induced movement disorders, such as acute dystonia or akathisia, can have a sudden onset and may occur shortly after starting or changing medications [22].…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Movement Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Secondary Movement Disorders

R. Santos

2024

Preprint

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Secondary movement disorders (SMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal, involuntary movements resulting from various underlying causes. This comprehensive review aims to thoroughly understand SMDs, including their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and management strategies. SMDs encompass a spectrum of movement abnormalities, including dystonia, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, tics, and tremors. They can arise from a multitude of etiologies, such as drug-induced effects, post-infectious processes, metabolic disturbances, and structural brain lesions. The epidemiology of SMDs varies depending on the underlying cause, with some conditions being more prevalent in specific populations or age groups. Understanding the pathophysiology of SMDs is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted management. Diagnosing SMDs requires a comprehensive approach, including a detailed history, physical examination, laboratory investigations, neuroimaging studies, and sometimes electrophysiological studies. Management of SMDs is multifaceted and may involve pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical interventions. Individualized treatment plans are essential, considering the underlying cause, severity of symptoms, and patient preferences. Emerging concepts in the field of SMDs include advancements in genetic research, identification of biomarkers, and development of novel therapeutic approaches. There is a growing focus on patient-centered care and improving the quality of life for individuals with SMDs. In conclusion, SMDs pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for optimal management. Continued research and collaboration are essential for advancing our understanding and treatment of these complex disorders.

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Overview of Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs

Cited by 14 publications

References 118 publications

Flapping Tremor: Unraveling Asterixis—A Narrative Review

Flapping Tremor: Unraveling Asterixis—A Narrative Review

Advances in Understanding and Managing Movement Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

A Comprehensive Review of Secondary Movement Disorders

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