Overview of melanoma vaccines: Active specific immunotherapy for melanoma patients

Ollila, David W.; Kelley, Mark C.; Gammon, Guy; Morton, Donald L.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199806)14:4<328::aid-ssu9>3.0.co;2-4

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Indeed, reports have shown that in giving four doses of ipilimumab, tumors may significantly progress after the first two or three injections and then slowly regress to complete responses thereafter [57]. This delayed and slow response has also been reported with vaccines previously [58]. This new and unexpected pattern of response has led to a call for the strict RESIST criteria which are used to dogmatically determine complete and partial responses to be modified to take into account the change in immunologically con trolled tumors, which may lead to prolonged periods of static disease, or even persistent disease, which is reactive on biopsy and not representative of tumor [59,60].…”

Section: The Role Of Postchemotherapy Immune Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 55%

Rationale for Combining Immunotherapy with Chemotherapy

Dalgleish¹

2015

Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy has usually been considered as an alternative to more traditional modalities. Moreover, it has previously been felt that chemotherapy is inherently immunosuppressive and not suitable for combining with immunotherapy. In this review, the concept of combining different modalities that result in cell death, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with immunotherapy is explored. Tumors actively cause immune suppression which can be reversed by their removal but when this is not possible, enhancing the immune response with nonspecific immune stimulation can enhance the response to other modalities, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Additionally, several chemotherapy agents at low doses selectively inhibit regulatory and suppressor cells.

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Section: The Role Of Postchemotherapy Immune Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 55%

Rationale for Combining Immunotherapy with Chemotherapy

Dalgleish¹

2015

Immunotherapy

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“…1) [5]. The two groups had similar prognostic factors, including a similar distribution of tumorinvolved LN.…”

Section: Prolonged Survival Of Patients Receiving Canvaxin Tm Immunotmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…After being stained and washed, the samples can be directly acquired on a plate-loading flow cytometer. Adapted after [5] has traditionally not lent itself to high-throughput analysis. The development of plate-based protocols and plate-reading flow cytometers, along with the ability to lyophilize antigens and staining antibodies in multiwell plates, begins to address this concern (Fig.…”

Section: Intracellular Cytokine Staining Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In melanoma patients whose tumors have invaded regional LNs, lymphadenectomy is often performed. The efficacy of such surgery depends in part on the patient's immune response, which can be modulated by postoperative active immunotherapy, using a polyvalent formulation developed at the John Wayne Cancer Institute [5]. Active immunotherapy resulted in a significantly higher overall survival in Stage III, tumor-free melanoma patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune responses in the draining lymph nodes against cancer: Implications for immunotherapy

Shu

Cochran

Huang

et al. 2006

Cancer Metastasis Rev

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Regional lymph nodes are the first site for melanoma metastases. The sentinel node (SN), on the direct lymphatic drainage pathway, which usually harbors first metastases, demonstrates significant suppression in its ability to respond to antigenic stimulation. This down-regulation of SN immunity is likely the basis of its susceptibility to tumor metastases, suggesting a potential role of the immune system in the control of malignant tumors. Despite immune dysfunction in the SN, phase II trials of systemic post-operative immunotherapy with a polyvalent melanoma vaccine developed at the John Wayne Cancer Institute showed improved 5-year overall survival in patients with melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. However, most immunotherapy clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a significant clinical response, and analyses of immune responses to tumor-associated antigens that correlate clinical responses have not been established. Therefore, refinements in assay methodologies and improvements in vaccine designs are critical to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) is the most potent means to initiate a T cell immunity. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapies have been vigorously attempted in the past decade. To improve the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines, we recently generated heterokaryons of DCs and tumor cells by electrofusion. The fusion hybrids retained their full antigen-presenting capacity and all natural tumor antigens. In pre-clinical animal experiments, a single injection of the DC-tumor fusion hybrids was sufficient to mediate the regression of tumors established in the lung, skin and brain. Most interestingly, successful therapy required the delivery of fusion hybrids directly into lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes. A clinical trial is now being carried out to test the immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of fusion hybrids for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

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“…There is extensive evidence that this may result in breaking immunological tolerance to the tumour, and lead to antitumour effects [7]. Initial studies in malignant melanoma using a cocktail of 3 allogeneic cell lines plus BCG as the adjuvant were impressive enough to justify the current phase III randomised studies for malignant melanoma [8,9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic Cell Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

Pandha¹

2003

UroOncology

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Overview of melanoma vaccines: Active specific immunotherapy for melanoma patients

Cited by 30 publications

References 50 publications

Rationale for Combining Immunotherapy with Chemotherapy

Rationale for Combining Immunotherapy with Chemotherapy

Immune responses in the draining lymph nodes against cancer: Implications for immunotherapy

Dendritic Cell Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

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