Overview of low GWP mixtures for the replacement of HFC refrigerants: R134a, R404A and R410A

Heredia-Aricapa, Y.; Belman-Flores, J.M.; Mota-Babiloni, Adrián; Serrano-Arellano, J.; Pabón, Juan José García

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.11.012

Cited by 207 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Extended refrigeration of food would also mean reduced food losses, which apart from having important implications for meeting nutritional needs, would also contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions from food production and better use of the 23 %-24 % of global cropland and fertilizers currently used to produce food that is eventually wasted (Kummu et al, 2012;Hiç et al, 2016). Hence, reducing global food supply chain losses have several important secondary benefits including conservation of energy and other resources (Kummu et al, 2012) as these are freed up to be converted into other productive activities (Ingram, 2011;Beddington et al, 2012;Kummu et al, 2012;Hiç et al, 2016;Lamb et al, 2016). Due to a lack of detailed information on impacts on food supply chains, such secondary benefits from extended use of industrial and commercial refrigeration and refrigerated transport are not considered in this study.…”

Section: Baseline Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Purohit et al, 2018). In recent years, there has been a focus on natural refrigerants (pressurized CO 2 , hydrocarbons, and ammonia), low-GWP HFCs, and HFOs used alone or in blends with HFCs to replace fluids with high-GWP (Beshr et al, 2015;McLinden et al, 2017;Anderson et al, 2020;Heredia-Aricapa et al, 2020). A recent increased use of hydrocarbons (e.g., isobutane and propane), ammonia, and pressurized carbon dioxide is expected to continue into the future (UNEP, 2016a).…”

Section: Alternatives To High-gwp Hfcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electricity savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions from global phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are widely used as cooling agents in refrigeration and air conditioning, as solvents in industrial processes, as fire-extinguishing agents, for foam blowing, and as aerosol propellants. They have been used in large quantities as the primary substitutes for ozone-depleting substances regulated under the Montreal Protocol. However, many HFCs are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) and as such subject to global phase-down under the Kigali Amendment (KA) to the Montreal Protocol. In this study, we develop a range of long-term scenarios for HFC emissions under varying degrees of stringency in climate policy and assess co-benefits in the form of electricity savings and associated reductions in GHG and air pollutant emissions. Due to technical opportunities to improve energy efficiency in cooling technologies, there exist potentials for significant electricity savings under a well-managed phase-down of HFCs. Our results reveal that the opportunity to simultaneously improve energy efficiency in stationary cooling technologies could bring additional climate benefits of about the same magnitude as that attributed to the HFCs phase-down. If technical energy efficiency improvements are fully implemented, the resulting electricity savings could exceed 20 % of future global electricity consumption, while the corresponding figure for economic energy efficiency improvements would be about 15 %. The combined effect of HFC phase-down, energy efficiency improvement of the stationary cooling technologies, and future changes in the electricity generation fuel mix would prevent between 411 and 631 Pg CO2 equivalent of GHG emissions between 2018 and 2100, thereby making a significant contribution towards keeping the global temperature rise below 2 ∘C. Reduced electricity consumption also means lower air pollution emissions in the power sector, estimated at about 5 %–10 % for sulfur dioxide (SO2), 8 %–16 % for nitrogen oxides (NOx), and 4 %–9 % for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions compared with a pre-Kigali baseline.

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Section: Baseline Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Alternatives To High-gwp Hfcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electricity savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions from global phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons

et al. 2020

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“…The R134A, is a generation of HFC that possess zero ODP and a GWP = 1800 [14], that was developed for the R22, but it has a low refrigerant effect. The R513A, R515A, R450A, R456A were developed to be alternatives to R134, but the performances of all refrigerants were nearly [15][16][17][18], subsequently, the refrigerant developed to the R404A. The fourth generation R404A was the baseline for this research, and is currently the most used refrigerant, as shown Figure 5 below [7].…”

Section: Evolution Of the Refrigerantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fourth generation R404A was the baseline for this research, and is currently the most used refrigerant, as shown Figure 5 below [7]. The R404A is a near azeotropic blend of 143a/125/134a, with zero ODP but a GWP = 3922 [16]. Fourth generations are hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) with low GWP and low capacity.…”

Section: Evolution Of the Refrigerantmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Replacement of the R404A Refrigeration System with The Environmentally Friendly R448A, to Improve Convenience Store Energy Efficiency in Thailand

Saengsikhiao¹,

Taweekun²,

Maliwan³

et al. 2020

ARFMTS

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This study presents the energy saving characteristics of the R448A, instead of the R404A refrigeration system, in 5 convenience stores, with a total of 150 m 2 , situated in Central Thailand. The R448A hydrofluorocarbons/hydrofluoroolefins (HFCs/HFOs) (GWP=1390) is a non-azeotropic mixture of R32 (26%), R125 (26%), R1234yf (20%), R134a (21%) and R1234ze (E) (7%), which can be retrofitted to replace the R404A refrigeration system. The R404A hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (GWP=3735) is a near azeotropic mixture of R125 (44%), R143A (52%), R134A (4%). Both refrigerants are composed of polyol ester oil (POE), are incombustible and non-toxic. The R448A has a higher cooling capacity (Qe) and lower global warming potentials (GWP) than the R404A due to its hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R32 component and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) R1234yf/R1234ze (E) component, as opposed to the R404A. This was determined by measuring power consumption (kWh) and the ambient temperature (°C) through the use of power meters and temperature data logger respectively. The result obtained was able to summarize the relationship of all the parameters concerned, and showed an energy-saving average of 7.9%, i.e. 28,273 kWh/year per 5 stores, and a decreased global warming potential (GWP) of 70%, through the use of a digital scroll compressor.

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“…R32 is low-GWP, zero-ODP, high-capacity, and nontoxic, but operates under high pressure and is not flammable, which is in contrast to R134A, which possesses highly similar properties but can operate under low pressure and has low capacity. Systems that operate with R22 [40], R407C [41], R417A [42], R422A [43], R422D [44], R424A [45], R427A [46], and R453A [47] were developed as an alternative to R22 and mixed with HCs and HFCs, as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Systems that operate with R134A [48], R450A [49], R456A [50], R513A [51], and R515A [50] were developed as an alternative to R134A, and mixed with HCs, HFCs, and HFOs, as shown in Table 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation and Analysis of R463A as an Alternative Refrigerant to R404A with Lower Global Warming Potential

et al. 2020

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This research presents the development of R463A refrigerant, a nonflammable refrigerant that was retrofitted to replace R404A. R463A is primarily composed of hydrofluorocarbons/hydrocarbons/carbon dioxide (HFCs/HCs/CO2), and has global-warming potential (GWP) of 1494. It is a nonazeotropic mixture of R32 (36%), R125 (30%), R134a (14%), R1234yf (14%), and R744 (6%). R463A is composed of polyol ester oil (POE), and it is classified as a Class A1 incombustible and nontoxic refrigerant. R463A has a higher cooling capacity (Qe) than that of R404A, as it is composed of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R32 and carbon dioxide (CO2) R744, and has lower GWP than that of R404A due to the use of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) from R1234yf. The results of this research showed that R463A can be retrofitted to replace R404A due to its composition of POE, Class A1 incombustibility, and lower toxicity. The properties of R463A and R404A, as analyzed using national institute of standards and technology (NIST) reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database (REFPROP) software and NIST vapor compression cycle model accounting for refrigerant thermodynamic and transport properties (CYCLE_D-HX) software, are in accordance with the CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 standards of the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI). The normal boiling point of R463A was found to be higher than that of R404A by 23%, with a higher cooling capacity and a 63% lower GWP value than that of R404A. The critical pressure and temperature of R463A were found to be higher than those of R404A; it can be used in a high-ambient-temperature environment, has higher refrigerant and heat-rejection effects, and has lower GWP than that of R404A by 52% due to the HFOs from the R1234yf component. The cooling coefficient of performance (COPc) of R463A was found to be higher than that of R404A by 10% under low-temperature applications. R463A is another refrigerant option that is composed of 7% carbon dioxide (CO2), and is consistent with the evolution of fourth-generation refrigerants that contain a mixture of HFCs, HFOs, HCs, and natural refrigerants, which are required to produce a low-GWP, zero-ozone-depletion-potential (ODP), high-capacity, low-operating-pressure, and nontoxic refrigerant.

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Overview of low GWP mixtures for the replacement of HFC refrigerants: R134a, R404A and R410A

Cited by 207 publications

References 55 publications

Electricity savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions from global phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons

Electricity savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions from global phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons

The Replacement of the R404A Refrigeration System with The Environmentally Friendly R448A, to Improve Convenience Store Energy Efficiency in Thailand

Investigation and Analysis of R463A as an Alternative Refrigerant to R404A with Lower Global Warming Potential

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