Overview of Lithium´s Use: A Nationwide Survey

Abstract

Background: Lithium is considered the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder (BD). Its use as a first-line treatment in BD is supported by current clinical guidelines and scientific evidence. However, over the last two decades it has been observed a downward tendency in lithium´s use in several developed countries. Based on a nationwide survey, the objective of this study is to analyze in a large sample of psychiatrists relevant issues of the use of lithium salts in BD.Methods: Data were collected through an anonymous survey sent by email among 500 psychiatrists who belong to a National Society of Psychiatry (Spanish Society of Biological Psychiatry). The survey is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 21 items on the most key aspects of the use of lithium (indication, dosage, monitoring and information for patients).Results: 212 psychiatrists completed the survey. 70% of psychiatrists prescribe lithium to more than 50% of patients diagnosed with BD. Adverse effects are the main reason not to use lithium salts. Over 75% of the participants consider lithium salts the treatment of choice for the maintenance phase of BD, both in women and men. Most of the participants (> 50%) start lithium after the first affective episode, use conservative plasma concentrations (0.6-0.8 mmol/L) and generally prescribe it twice a day. 57% of psychiatrists who treat patients under 18 do not use lithium in this population. About 70% of the survey respondents use official protocols to inform and monitor patients who are on lithium treatment.Conclusions: From the results of the present study it can be concluded that the use of lithium in Spain is in line with the recommendations of the main international clinical guidelines and current scientific literature. The first reason not to prescribe lithium in our country is the perception of its adverse effects and not the aspects related to its practical use or its effectiveness. Considering that BD is a chronic disease that has a typical onset in adolescence, the reasons for the low rate of prescription of lithium salts in patients under 18 must be thoroughly studied.

Spectrophotometric Measurement of Lithium in Human Saliva Using the Chromogenic Reagent Thorin

“…The potentially toxic level, often >1.2 mEq/L, is very close to the current therapeutic range 0.4-1.2 mEq/L. (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Adverse effects of lithium treatment can occur within the therapeutic range and include tremor, weight gain, polyuria/polydipsia and diarrhea (13).…”

“…Lithium is administered orally as a lithium salt, such as lithium carbonate/sulfate/citrate/chloride. It has been shown to effectively reduce the frequency and intensity of both the mania/hypomania and depressive cycles in bipolar illness, aid in relapse prevention, as well as reduce the incidence of suicide (9).…”