Overview of gut flora and probiotics

Holzapfel, Wilhelm H.; Haberer, Petra; Snel, J.; Schillinger, Ulrich; Veld, J.H.J. Huis in‘t

doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00044-0

Cited by 724 publications

(427 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…L'absence de flore chez des animaux axéniques 2 Les micro-organismes commensaux 1 occupent toutes les barrières naturelles du corps humain, avec une colonisation particulièrement importante du tube digestif. Leur génome combiné ou « microbiome », bien que possédant des fonctions redondantes, est 100 fois plus grand que le génome humain [1].…”

Section: Microbiote Et Immunité Intestinaleunclassified

“…Un premier gradient de densité et de diversité microbienne est observé entre l'estomac, qui contient environ 10 2 cellules microbiennes par gramme de contenu, principalement des lactobacilles, et le côlon qui peut contenir jusqu'à 10 12 cellules par millilitre de contenu, caractérisé par une grande diversité d'espèces. Un second gradient de densité est identifié entre la lumière intestinale, riche en bactéries, et la couche de mucus proche du tissu [2]. Quelques espèces particulières, comme celles du phylum des Proteobacteria ou des Verrucomicrobia, comme Akkermansia muciniphila, sont capables d'adhérer, de coloniser et de dégrader cette couche de mucus chez l'homme [3,4].…”

Section: Microbiote Et Immunité Intestinaleunclassified

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Microbiote intestinal et réponses aux thérapies anti-tumorales

2016

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Section: Microbiote Et Immunité Intestinaleunclassified

Microbiote intestinal et réponses aux thérapies anti-tumorales

2016

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“…Os probióticos devem ser usados para corrigir disfunções locais do sistema imunológico, estabilizar a função da barreira mucosa do intestino, para impedir a fi xação de microorganismos patogênicos e infl uenciar o metabolismo intestinal (HOLZAPFEL et al, 1998). Na tabela 2, estão listados os microorganismos considerados como probióticos, de acordo com HOLZAPFEL et al (1998).…”

Section: Probióticosunclassified

Probióticos na avicultura

2014

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“…Extrinsic factors include the geographical area, maternal and surrounding environment bacteria, mode of delivery, feeding practices and drug therapies. 18 It is well established that the type of delivery has a significant influence on the development of intestinal microflora. 19,20 Infants born by vaginal delivery are more exposed to their mother's microbiota than those born by Caesarean section.…”

Section: The Bifidogenic (Prebiotic) Effect Of Human Milk Oligosacchamentioning

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The role of human milk oligosaccharides in preventing necrotising enterocolitis and human immunodeficiency virus transmission

Niekerk

Blaauw

Kirsten

2014

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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The role of human milk oligosaccharides in preventing necrotising enterocolitis and human immunodeficiency virus transmission IntroductionResearch, started over a century ago, on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) has focused predominantly on their prebiotic effects. Today it is known that the bifidogenic effects of HMOs are one of the many beneficial effects now being discovered. 1 In addition to providing a substrate for the growth of beneficial bacteria, HMOs also directly inhibit pathogens from adhering to the intestinal epithelia through their antiadhesive properties. 1 Recent data suggest that firstly, a relationship exists between the HMOs and the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), 2,3 and secondly, they may have an influence on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. 4 This article aims to describe the prebiotic and antiadhesive effects of HMOs, and how they could possibly prevent the development of NEC in the presence of HIV infection. Human milk oligosaccharidesHMOs 5,6 are complex carbohydrates that are highly abundant in breast milk, but not in infant formula. 7 Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates made up of 3-9 monosaccharide units. 5,6 The oligosaccharide concentration of human milk varies with gestational age, lactation duration, and from one mother to another. 6,8 HMOs reach the highest concentration in colostrum (20-25 g/l), and then decrease after roughly two weeks to approximately 5-20 g/l in mature breast milk. 1,6,[8][9][10][11] HMOs consists of five different monosaccharide units:• Glucose.• Galactose.• The sialic acid component, known as N-acetylglucosamine.• Fucose.• N-acteylneuaminic acid. 1,12 With a few exceptions, all HMOs contain lactose at their reducing end. They may be elongated (an enzymatic attachment) by the addition of β1-3-or β1-6-linked lacto-N-biose or N-acetyllacetosamine. The latter can be further extended by one or two disaccharides. Chain branching may occur at the β1-6 linkage. Branched lactose molecules may form both linear (para-HMOs) and branched structures (iso-HMOs). Furthermore, oligosaccharide chains can be fucosylated (also known as neutral oligosaccharides) in the α1-2, α1-3 or α1-4 linkage, or sialylated (also known as acidic oligosaccharides) in the α2-3 or α2-6 linkage. The ABH secretor (Se) status and Lewis (Le) blood group determines the HMO composition of a mother's breast milk. 1 The presence or absence of blood group substances (A, B and H) in the saliva and other body secretions is controlled by a gene on chromosome 19, the fucosyltransferase AbstractThe heavy burden of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has resulted in a high prevalence of premature births, with an associated increase in the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). NEC is a life-threatening inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that predominantly occurs in preterm infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are carbohydrate compounds which have been shown to have health-promoting effects through their bifidogenic and antiadhesiv...

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Overview of gut flora and probiotics

Cited by 724 publications

References 88 publications

Microbiote intestinal et réponses aux thérapies anti-tumorales

Microbiote intestinal et réponses aux thérapies anti-tumorales

Probióticos na avicultura

The role of human milk oligosaccharides in preventing necrotising enterocolitis and human immunodeficiency virus transmission

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