Overview of cerebrospinal fluid cytology

Rahimi, Jasmin; Wöehrer, Adelheid

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00035-3

Cited by 52 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The frequency of specimens containing >1,000 cells was increased in malignant cases regardless of the tumor type. Regarding the cell count in CSF, several reports have indicated that an increased cell count is observed in the malignant CSF group via manual ( 4 , 6 , 7 ) and flow cytometric evaluation ( 9 ). In the present study, the number of cells on the glass slide did not reflect the number of cells per volume of CSF because the amount of CSF used varied between cases; however, the number of cells might have been increased in cytologically positive cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leukocyte counting and typing of CSF has previously been performed manually or using various types of flow cytometers ( 3 , 4 ). Normally, in healthy individuals the manual leukocyte count is <5/µl ( 4 ). While, in 1987, Hayward et al ( 5 ) described that 77% of malignant meningitis (without specifying tumor types) showed >5 cells/ml manual leukocyte count ( 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

et al. 2020

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Carcinomatous meningitis is a condition in which tumor cells spread to the subarachnoid space. Leukocyte counting and typing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell components are performed manually or using flow cytometry. However, a detailed analysis of these variables using cytological specimens has not yet been reported. The present study analyzed cytological specimens using Giemsa staining and whole slide imaging with computer-assisted image analysis (CAIA) to clarify the characteristics of the leukocyte population in CSF, especially in carcinomatous meningitis. Manual evaluation was performed using 280 Giemsa-stained cytological CSF specimens. For 49 samples, CAIA was used for the whole area of Papanicolaou (Pap) staining, and Giemsa-stained specimens of the same samples were imaged using a virtual slide scanner. The nuclear morphology of the leukocytes was assessed, and the total leukocyte and leukocyte subset (lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages) counts were evaluated. Then, the number and percentage of each leukocyte subset population were evaluated. The total leukocyte count was significantly higher in Giemsa-stained specimens compared with in Pap-stained specimens. The percentage of macrophages was significantly higher in samples from patients with non-hematological tumors compared with in samples from patients without tumors, which was confirmed by manual evaluation of the specimens. In addition, the cut-off value of the percentage of macrophages that could discriminate between the tumor history negative cases and cytologically tumor positive cases was determined, revealing that a higher proportion of macrophages reflected the existence of atypical/malignant epithelial tumor cells in CSF samples. Thus, atypical cell screening and analysis of the background characteristics of the leukocyte population should be the focus of cytological specimen screening, especially not to miss carcinomatous meningitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

et al. 2020

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“…Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed an increased glucose of 4.8 mmol/L and a leukocytosis (105 × 10 6 /L), with 72% neutrophils, 20% lymphocytes and 8% monocytes (Figure b and Table ). Extensive number of neutrophils present in CSF further indicated that it was an early phase of viral meningitis (Rahimi & Woehrer, ).…”

Section: Dynamic Cerebrospinal Fluid (Csf) Analysis Over the Course Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic cerebrospinal fluid analyses of severe pseudorabies encephalitis

Zheng

Liu

Yuan

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…While producing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain ventricles, CPECs form a tight junction known as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) to allow only selective substances (ions, amino acids, folate, glucose, transthyretin, vitamins B6, B12, C and E) to traffic between the systemic circulation and the CSF [1][2][3][4]. CPECs also function as "entry gates" of leukocyte passage into CSF [5][6][7][8]. In addition to transepithelial transport, CPECs also synthesize and secrete biologically active molecules into CSF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypercholesterolemia negatively influences morphology and molecular markers of epithelial cells within the choroid plexus in rabbits

Obata

Narita

2020

Fluids Barriers CNS

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Background: Choroid plexus (CP) is an important tissue not only to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but also to regulate substances that are secreted into or absorbed from CSF through blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) formed by CP epithelial cells (CPECs). CPECs display signs of deterioration in aged and diseased people. However, whether CPECs in hypercholesterolemic animals develop such damage is not known. Methods: We used cholesterol-fed wild-type or Watanabe hereditary hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits of identical age to determine CPEC changes in terms of morphology and protein expression/localization. Results: Compared with non-cholesterol-fed control rabbits, prolonged exposure to cholesterol reduced CPEC height and increased lipofuscin levels in CPECs, indicating cellular damage. Expression of aquaporin 1 on the apical membranes of CPECs was diminished in cholesterol-exposed rabbits, implying a reduced CSF-producing function in the CP. The rabbit macrophage-specific antibody (RAM11) immunoreaction became positive in CPECs adjacent to foam cells, indicating an alteration in this cell type. Conclusion: Cholesterol insults from the circulation (which is reflected by foam-cell accumulation in the CP) induce CPEC dysfunction, and the latter seems to be enhanced by foam cells in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

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Overview of cerebrospinal fluid cytology

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

Dynamic cerebrospinal fluid analyses of severe pseudorabies encephalitis

Hypercholesterolemia negatively influences morphology and molecular markers of epithelial cells within the choroid plexus in rabbits

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