Overview about Different Approaches of Chemical Treatment of NORM and TE-NORM Produced from Oil Exploitation

Abstract

Crude oil or gas is considered the most important sources of natural radionuclides from the uranium and thorium series.

Concentrations of TENORMs in the petroleum industry and their environmental and health effects

“…[117][118][119] Alternatives to seawater injection are the reinjection of produced water or the injection of water from nearby formations. 20,35,44,119,120 The vast majority of produced water from the underground is usually disposed by injection into the ground either in the extraction or in the disposal wells. In marine oil boreholes seawater usually injected to preserve the pressure at a certain level to ease the production process.…”

“…However, the maximum size of the scale occurs in three areas, namely, the water lines associated with the separators (gas separated from oil and water), heater treaters (split the oil and water stages), and dehydrated gases, where sediments may accumulate in sizes up to 4 inch in thick. 20,35,83 The mean concentration of 232 Th 0.30 a , 226 Ra 0.65 a , 224 Ra < LD a , 40 K 4…”

“…Petroleum reservoirs include oil, gas and water in the pores of the earth rocks, where water quantities tend to vary. 35,42,113 The extraction of petroleum is often accompanied by large quantities of such water. This water is generally referred to as “produced water,” “composition water”, or “formation water”, in oil fields.…”

“…This produced water is extracted from oil containing volatile metal materials, some of which are free of active substances due to the presence of radium isotopes and their decay products. 27,[35][36][37][38] The initial products of the oil and gas are usually dry. When the produced water is brought to the surface, the decrease in temperature and pressure allows the use of melted soluble radioactive substances in this water.…”

“…38 These sediments are formed at sufficient temperatures with oil/ water pumping to the surface. [35][36][37] Thus, the quantity of precipitation depends on the chemical-physical properties of this water.…”