“…Harsh parenting is characterized by high control and low warmth, and more frequent and intense punishment of children’s mistakes ( Robinson et al, 2001 ), often leading to children’s excessive concern around making mistakes ( Kawamura et al, 2002 ). And indeed, harsh parenting styles in early childhood have been linked to larger ERNs in offspring ( Banica et al, 2019 ; Brooker and Buss, 2014 ; Meyer et al, 2019 , 2018a , 2018b , 2018c 2018d ). A prospective study by Meyer, Proudfit and colleagues (2015) found that punitive parenting at age 3 predicted child ERN magnitude at age 6.…”