Overground vs. treadmill walking on biomechanical energy harvesting: An energetics and EMG study

Lower limb joint motion and muscle force in treadmill and over-ground exercise

“…Previous studies investigated the kinetics of treadmill or over-ground exercises in terms of energy consumption, GRF, and surface EMG signals [10, 11, 21, 28]. However, these indexes cannot accurately characterize the musculoskeletal loading, which directly contributes to tissue injuries.…”

“…However, growing researches have reported the differences between treadmill and over-ground exercises. For example, at the same speed, the treadmill running has smaller step length and knee flexion angle than over-ground running [8, 9], yet it requires more metabolic energy [10, 11]. Furthermore, treadmill could provide a stable and uniform condition, thus causes less impulse and center of mass excursion.…”

Turns in Jogging Increase Energy Expenditure: Proposed Home Exercise for Sedentary People

“…While Ralston [39] reports that TJ and floor walking are metabolically the same, no consensus exists with regard to whether the results from treadmill walking accurately represent overground walking. Some studies reported that walking on a treadmill versus a floor differ kinematically [40] and metabolically [41,42]. The current study is a comparison between SJT and TJ with different floor conditions, and TJ may not be synonymous with jogging on the floor (slow jogging).…”

Energy Efficiency of Gait Rehabilitation Robot: A Review

“…A combination of over-ground training and body weight support (BWS) interventions is a good solution [32]. SGRR is reported to be non-ecological training [33], and the metabolic cost of patients and muscle activation is higher than over-ground training [34]. Besides, the fixed gait pattern makes it difficult to achieve a natural gait [35].…”