Overexpression of <scp>TLR</scp>‐2 and <scp>TLR</scp>‐4 <scp>mRNA</scp> in feline polymorphonuclear neutrophils exposed to <i>Microsporum canis</i>

Cambier, Ludivine; Heinen, M.; Bagut, E. T.; Antoine, Nadine; Mignon, Bernard

doi:10.1111/vde.12295

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Myeloid cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts increase TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA expression upon interaction with dermatophytes (43,53). In vitro studies with feline neutrophils showed an increase in TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA levels after stimulation with live and heat-killed M. canis arthroconidia (54). Recently, Celestrino et al (55) reported that TLR-2 is important for T. rubrum conidia phagocytosis and proinflammatory cytokines production by human monocytes.…”

Section: Toll-like Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Skin Immunity to Dermatophytes: From Experimental Infection Models to Human Disease

et al. 2020

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Dermatophytoses (ringworms) are among the most frequent skin infections and are a highly prevalent cause of human disease worldwide. Despite the incidence of these superficial mycoses in healthy people and the compelling evidence on chronic and deep infections in immunocompromised individuals, the mechanisms controlling dermatophyte invasion in the skin are scarcely known. In the last years, the association between certain primary immunodeficiencies and the susceptibility to severe dermatophytosis as well as the evidence provided by novel experimental models mimicking human disease have significantly contributed to deciphering the basic immunological mechanisms against dermatophytes. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on fungal virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses and recent evidence from human infections and experimental models that shed light on the cells and molecules involved in the antifungal cutaneous immune response. The latest highlights emphasize the contribution of C-type lectin receptors signaling and the cellular immune response mediated by IL-17 and IFN-γ in the anti-dermatophytic defense and skin inflammation control.

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Section: Toll-like Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Skin Immunity to Dermatophytes: From Experimental Infection Models to Human Disease

et al. 2020

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“…In case of infection, keratinocytes are the cells initially encountered by dermatophytes. They can detect pathogens via pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition, by using pattern recognition receptors: toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 6, notably (Brasch et al, 2014;Cambier et al, 2016;García-Madrid et al, 2011). Activation of pattern recognition receptors on keratinocytes induces signaling pathways, leading to expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and AMP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Reconstructed Human Epidermis to Trichophyton rubrum Infection and Impairment of Infection by the Inhibitor PD169316

Faway

Cambier

Vuyst

et al. 2019

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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Despite the threatening incidence of dermatophytosis, information is still lacking about the consequences of infection on epidermal barrier functions and about the keratinocyte responses that alert immune components. To identify the mechanisms involved, arthroconidia of the anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum were prepared to infect reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) in vitro. Integrity of the barrier was monitored during infection by measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance and dye-permeation through the RHE. Expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides by keratinocytes inserted into the RHE were assessed, respectively, by quantitative reverse transcriptaseePCR (to analyze mRNA content in tissue extracts) and by ELISA (to detect proteins in culture media). Results reveal that infection by T. rubrum is responsible for disruption of the epidermal barrier, including loss of functional tight junctions. It additionally causes simultaneous expression and release of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides by keratinocytes. Potential involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was evaluated during infection by targeted inhibition of its activity. Intriguingly, among several p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, PD169316 alone was able to inhibit growth of T. rubrum on Sabouraud agar and to suppress the process of infection on RHE. This suggests that PD169316 acts on a specific target in dermatophytes themselves.

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“…By analysis of PMN maintained in culture, the of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNFα and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) by this cell type were observed when PMN are incubated in the presence of T. benhamiae or M. canis [26,86]. Overexpression of TLR-2 and -4 mRNA was further characterized in PMN exposed to M. canis [87]. In addition, release of TNFα and IL-1β by macrophages challenged by T. rubrum was measured on a simple culture model [34,88].…”

Section: Recruitment Of the Immune System Through Activation Of Local...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Models of Dermatophytosis

Faway

Thiry

Mignon

et al. 2021

Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses

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Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of the keratinized structures of the host. Since the last decade, this mycosis became an important health concern due to an increasing prevalence and to the limited number and efficacy of available treatments. Several experimental models have then been developed in order to improve knowledge about this infection and to design new therapeutic strategies. This chapter presents the variety of dermatophytosis experimental models and their contribution in the understanding of mechanisms used by dermatophytes to adhere and to invade the host tissue. Their support to study the establishment of effective antifungal defenses by the host is also summarized. The usefulness of these models for testing the efficacy of antifungal compounds is finally discussed.

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Overexpression of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 mRNA in feline polymorphonuclear neutrophils exposed to Microsporum canis

Abstract: The overexpression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNAs in stimulated feline PMNs suggests that these receptors are involved in the host immune response through the recognition of M. canis PAMPs.

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Skin Immunity to Dermatophytes: From Experimental Infection Models to Human Disease

Skin Immunity to Dermatophytes: From Experimental Infection Models to Human Disease

Responses of Reconstructed Human Epidermis to Trichophyton rubrum Infection and Impairment of Infection by the Inhibitor PD169316

Experimental Models of Dermatophytosis

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