“…Early indications of the importance of PLD and PtdOH in cancer came from observations that cells transformed by viral oncogenes, such as v-Src (Song et al, 1991), v-Fps (Jiang et al, 1994 v-Ras (Carnero et al, 1994;Jiang et al, 1995a), and v-Raf (Frankel et al, 1999), all showed elevated PLD activity relative to nontransformed control cells. Furthermore, PLD mRNA and protein analyses from tumors of breast (Uchida et al, 1997;Noh et al, 2000), renal (Zhao et al, 2000), colorectal , gastric (Uchida et al, 1999), thyroid , and brain (Park et al, 2009) origin show elevated PLD1 and/or PLD2 expression relative to normal surrounding tissue. As such, overexpression of PLD isoforms is associated with enhanced tumorigenesis in cultured cells as measured by increased anchorageindependent growth (Min et al, 2001b;Ahn et al, 2003), the most important measure of tumorigenicity (Shin et al, 1975).…”