Overcrowding and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Increase Risk for COVID-19 Infection Among Latinx Families in Greater San Francisco Bay Area

Mendez, Andrea DeCastro; Escobar, Milagro; Romero, María Falcón; Wojcicki, Janet M.

doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.21250139

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Although larger household size and overcrowding have been associated with a greater incidence of COVID-19 infection, there has been limited research conducted on the effect that household overcrowding has on COVID-19 mortality rates [ 6 , 7 ]. Critically, however, one study has demonstrated a possible link between COVID-19 mortality and total number of overcrowded households, though the evidence was limited and hence the authors suggested a need to study this association in more detail [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcrowded housing increases risk for COVID-19 mortality: an ecological study

2022

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Objectives Overcrowded housing is a sociodemographic variable associated with increased infection and mortality rates from communicable diseases. It is not well understood if this association exists for COVID-19. Our objective was hence to determine the association between household overcrowding and risk of mortality from COVID-19, and this was done by performing bivariable and multivariable analyses using COVID-19 data from cities in Los Angeles County. Results Bivariate regression revealed that overcrowded households were positively associated with COVID-19 deaths (standardized β = 0.863, p < 0.001). COVID-19 case totals, people aged 60+, and the number of overcrowded households met conditions for inclusion in the backwards stepwise linear regression model. Analysis revealed all independent variables were positively associated with mortality rates, primarily for individuals 60 + (standardized β1 = 0.375, p = 0.001), followed by overcrowded households (standardized β2 = 0.346, p = 0.014), and total COVID-19 cases (standardized β3 = 0.311, p < 0.001). Our findings highlight that residing in overcrowded households may be an important risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. Public health entities should consider this population when allocating resources for prevention and control of COVID-19 mortality and future disease outbreaks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcrowded housing increases risk for COVID-19 mortality: an ecological study

2022

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“…Both smoking and alcohol consumption behavior should be understood in the cultural context of each country. As a hypothesis, people who smoke in private smoking rooms with several smokers simultaneously could have a higher risk of COVID-19 infection [ 16 ]. Similar to smoking, alcohol is also consumed in a multi-use space; thus, both individual susceptibility-related factors and cultural behavior should be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and Policy Determinants of COVID-19 Infection Across 23 Countries: An Ecological Study

Jeung

Kim

Choi

et al. 2022

J Prev Med Public Health

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Objectives: This study aimed to identify the social and policy determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection across 23 countries.Methods: COVID-19 indicators (incidence, mortality, and fatality) for each country were calculated by direct and indirect standardization. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify the social and policy determinants of COVID-19 infection.Results: A higher number of doctors per population was related to lower incidence, mortality, and fatality rates of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=-0.672, -0.445, and -0.564, respectively). The number of nurses/midwives per population was associated with lower mortality and fatality rates of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=-0.215 and -0.372, respectively). Strengthening of policy restriction indicators, such as restrictions of public gatherings, was related to lower COVID-19 incidence (β=-0.423). A national Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination policy conducted among special groups or in the past was associated with a higher incidence of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=0.341). The proportion of the elderly population (aged over 70 years) was related to higher mortality and fatality rates (β=0.209 and 0.350, respectively), and income support was associated with mortality and fatality rates (β=-0.362 and -0.449, respectively).Conclusions: These findings do not imply causality because this was a country-based correlation study. However, COVID-19 transmission can be influenced by social and policy determinants such as integrated health systems and policy responses to COVID-19. Various social and policy determinants should be considered when planning responses to COVID-19.

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“…We re-contacted these cohorts telephonically in 2020 during an early period in the COVID-19 pandemic (May to September 2020) to assess food insecurity (as measured by 18 questions from the US Food Security Food Module (US HFSSM) [ 16 ]), housing conditions (including how many individuals living in a household, number of individuals sharing a bedroom and sharing a bathroom) and risk factors for COVID-19 infection (e.g. as measured by working as an essential worker during lockdown) [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household and social characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine intent among Latino families in the San Francisco Bay Area

Wojcicki¹,

Escobar²,

Mendez³

et al. 2022

BMC Infect Dis

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Background Latinos have had higher case counts, hospitalization rates and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic nationally and in the state of California. Meanwhile, Latino vaccination rates remain lower than those of non-Hispanic Whites. COVID-19 vaccine nonintent, defined as intent to not vaccinate against COVID-19, among Latino individuals continues to be an issue in the state of California. Methods Families from three Latino longitudinal mother–child cohorts previously recruited in the San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed telephonically from February to June 2021 to assess attitudes towards vaccination against COVID-19 and prior vaccination, in general, for themselves and their children. Risk for vaccine nonintent was assessed using the Mann–Whitney rank sum non-parametric test for continuous predictors and chi-squared tests for categorical ones. Results Three hundred and nineteen families were surveyed from the Telomere at Birth (TAB), Hispanic Eating and Nutrition (HEN) and Latino Eating and Diabetes Cohort (LEAD). Approximately 36% from TAB and 28% from HEN/LEAD indicated COVID-19 vaccine nonintent for themselves and/or their children. Risk factors for vaccine nonintent included lower maternal age (p = 0.01), concern about vaccine side effects (p < 0.01) and prior history of a household members being infected with SARS-CoV-2 (p < 0.01) and indexes of household crowding including number of people sharing a bathroom (p = 0.048). Vaccine intent was also associated with receiving vaccine input from friends (p = 0.03), family (p < 0.01) and/or coworkers (p = 0.02) compared with those who were not planning on getting vaccinated against COVID-19. Conclusions Latino families living in crowded living situations who may not have received any COVID-19 advice from family, coworkers or friends are at particular risk for nonintent for vaccinatation against COVID-19. Community-based grassroots or promotor/a based interventions centered on trusted individuals with close community ties and counseling concerning vaccination against COVID-19 could help boost vaccination rates in this population group.

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Overcrowding and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Increase Risk for COVID-19 Infection Among Latinx Families in Greater San Francisco Bay Area

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Overcrowded housing increases risk for COVID-19 mortality: an ecological study

Overcrowded housing increases risk for COVID-19 mortality: an ecological study

Social and Policy Determinants of COVID-19 Infection Across 23 Countries: An Ecological Study

Household and social characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine intent among Latino families in the San Francisco Bay Area

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