Overall indexes of coordination in front crawl swimming

Mezêncio, Bruno; Pinho, João Pedro; Huebner, Rudolf; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo; Amadio, Alberto Carlos; Serrão, Júlio Cerca

doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1737349

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Furthermore, the stroking, kicking, and breathing features were integrated with the stroke cycle duration (Table 1 and Figure 4), allowing a reliable combined timing analysis of the action of all principal factors in front-crawl using the minimum number of inertial sensors. Swimming is a cyclic activity, and the synchronization between the head and upper/lower arms can only be optimal if it can be maintained along consecutive stroke cycles [23]. In order to produce the propelling effects, the stroking, kicking, and breathing must occur at the same relative time in each stroke.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite its key role within the stroke, the entry event is the most critical instant to be detected by IMU, probably due to high variation related to the swimmer specialization [20,21]. From temporal-phase parameters, together with position and velocity of body segments, previous studies investigated start/end propulsion of one arm with respect to the other (coordination index) [17], the interlimb coordination (continuous relative phase) [22], and synchronization [23]. The adaptive role of movement and coordination variability were assessed by using these motor control indexes, highlighting how behavior functionally responds to environmental and task constraints [4,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Timing of Stroking, Breathing, and Kicking in Front-Crawl Swimming: A Novel Stroke-by-Stroke Approach Using Wearable Inertial Sensors

Fantozzi

Coloretti

Piacentini

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Quantitative evaluation of synergic action among the different body segments is fundamental to swimming performance. The aim of the present study was to develop an easy-to-use tool for stroke-by-stroke evaluation of a swimmer’s integrated timing of stroking, kicking, and breathing. Twelve swimmers were evaluated during one trial of 100 m front-crawl swimming at self-selected speed. Five three-axial inertial sensors were mounted on the head, wrists, and ankles. Algorithms for the wrist entry into the water, the lower limb beat during the downward action, and the exit/entry of the face from/into the water were developed. Temporal events identified by video-based technique, using one sagittal moving camera, were assumed as the gold standard. The performance was evaluated in terms of the root-mean-square error, 90th percentile of absolute error, coefficient of variation, Bland–Altman plots, and correlation analysis. Results of all temporal events showed high agreement with the gold standard, confirmed by a root-mean-square error of less than 0.05 s for absolute temporal parameters and less than 0.7% for the percentages of the stroke cycle duration, and with correlation coefficients higher than 0.856. The protocol proposed was not only accurate and reliable, but also user-friendly and as unobtrusive as possible for the swimmer, allowing a stroke-by-stroke analysis during the training session.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Timing of Stroking, Breathing, and Kicking in Front-Crawl Swimming: A Novel Stroke-by-Stroke Approach Using Wearable Inertial Sensors

Fantozzi

Coloretti

Piacentini

et al. 2022

Sensors

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show abstract

“…Também era esperada a diferença entre os grupos competitivo e recreativo para ambas as condições, no entanto houve uma interação significativa entre estes fatores indicando que o acréscimo de velocidade pela inclusão das ações de membros superiores foi mais relevante para o grupo nacional. Este resultado pode ser devido a maior habilidade dos nadadores mais treinados em coordenar às ações de braços e pernas e se aproveitar da melhor maneira possível da interação entre elas (MEZÊNCIO et al, 2020). (ZAMPARO et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Primeiramente, como mencionado anteriormente, nadadores mais habilidosos são capazes de sincronizar suas ações de pernas e braços de forma a produzir maior eficiência das ações propulsivas, o que consequentemente, reduziria a participação de membros inferiores apenas na potência total produzida (MEZÊNCIO et al, 2020). Além disso, a pernada não possui apenas finalidade propulsiva no nado crawl, mas também tem grande importância na estabilidade do corpo durante o nado (NAKASHIMA, 2007;YANAI, 2001;ZAMPARO et al, 1996), desta forma a maior contribuição de membros inferiores para o grupo de menor desempenho pode ser relacionada a uma maior necessidade de estabilização devido a uma técnica menos eficiente.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

A Estimativa Da Contribuição De Pernas No Nado De Crawl

et al. 2021

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a contribuição relativa de membros inferiores no nado crawl utilizando o método de perturbação da velocidade (VPM) em atletas de diferentes níveis de habilidade. Participaram do estudo 106 nadadores, os quais foram divididos igualmente em dois grupos de acordo com o nível de habilidade (competitivo e recreativo). Os nadadores realizaram 8 tiros máximos de 15 metros nadando crawl em 4 diferentes condições com o mínimo de 2'30" de intervalo entre os tiros (nado completo; completo com paraquedas; apenas pernada e; pernada com paraquedas). Todos os tiros foram filmados com uma câmera subaquática (GoPro Hero4 Black), e os parâmetros de interesse registrados foram: velocidade média do nadador; o arrasto ativo e potência de nado em cada uma das condições. Para comparação estatística da contribuição relativa de membros inferiores entre os grupos foi realizado um teste T. O nível de significância adotado foi de p<0.05. O resultado principal mostrou na comparação entre grupos que a contribuição relativa de membros inferiores, foram significativamente maiores para o grupo recreativo, 33,9 ± 23,1 % vs. 22,5 ± 10,3 % (p=0.02). Por fim, o VPM se mostrou uma técnica de fácil execução capaz de avaliar a contribuição relativa de membros inferiores no nado crawl, tornando esta informação acessível para treinadores.

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“…Data processing was performed in Matlab (MATLAB R2019b, The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA), and intrinsic camera parameters had been previously calculated to correct distortions. The initial extrinsic parameters were obtained using a six marker rectangular rigid calibration body (2.0 × 1.0 m), with markers placed horizontally at 0, 1.0 and 2.0 m and vertically at 0 and 1.0 m [ 2 , 19 ]. The six markers with known coordinates were digitized, and the DLT method was applied for reconstruction [ 19 ], with a final reconstruction error < 1.43 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Velocity Variability and Performance in Backstroke in Elite and Good-Level Swimmers

Fernandes

Goethel

Marinho

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Backstroke swimming, a cyclic and continuous movement, displays a repeating structure due to the repeated action of the limb, presenting similar (but not identical) cycles. Some variability is generated by instabilities, but this may play a functional role in the human performance, allowing individual adaptations to constraints. The current study examined the role of velocity variability in backstroke performance, hypothesizing that this variable is associated with swimmers’ performance. Sixteen elite and fifteen good-level swimmers were video recorded in the sagittal plane when performing 25 m backstroke at maximal intensity in order to determine hip velocity and mean velocity, stroke rate, stroke length and indexes of coordination/synchronization. Lyapunov maximal exponent and sample entropy were also calculated for successive cycles. The elite swimmers’ performances were more unstable (0.1742 ± 0.1131 versus 0.0831 ± 0.0042, p < 0.001) and complex (0.9222 ± 0.4559 versus 0.3821 ± 0.3096, p < 0.001) than their good-level counterparts, but intracycle velocity variation did not differ (11.98 ± 3.47 versus 12.03 ± 3.16%, p > 0.05). Direct relationships were observed between mean velocity and stability (r = 0.40, p = 0.03), as well as with complexity (r = 0.53, p = 0.002), with intracycle velocity variation and complexity also being related (r = 0.38, p = 0.04). Backstroke performance is associated with velocity variability, with elite swimmers being able to control it through several adaptations, overcoming the high drag and inertia.

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Overall indexes of coordination in front crawl swimming

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Integrated Timing of Stroking, Breathing, and Kicking in Front-Crawl Swimming: A Novel Stroke-by-Stroke Approach Using Wearable Inertial Sensors

Integrated Timing of Stroking, Breathing, and Kicking in Front-Crawl Swimming: A Novel Stroke-by-Stroke Approach Using Wearable Inertial Sensors

A Estimativa Da Contribuição De Pernas No Nado De Crawl

Velocity Variability and Performance in Backstroke in Elite and Good-Level Swimmers

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